1.Servlet简介
Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
Sun在这些API中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
1.编写一个类,实现Servlet接口。
2.把开发好的java类部署到web服务器中。
把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做Servlet
2.HelloServlet
1.构建一个普通maven项目,删除src文件夹,新建一个Module
2.关于Maven父子工程的理解:
pom.xml中
父项目中会有:
<modules>
<module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>
子项目中会有:
<parent>
<artifactId>servlet</artifactId>
<groupId>com.jinmp</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
父项目中的jar子项目可以直接使用
3.Maven环境优化
1.修改web.xml为最新的
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
version="4.0" metadata-complete="true">
</web-app>
2.将maven的结构搭建完整,在main文件夹下添加java和resources文件夹,如下图所示:
4.编写一个Servlet程序
1.在java文件夹下创建一个Package,名称为com.jinmp.servlet,然后创建一个普通类
2.实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
//由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//super.doGet(req, resp);
PrintWriter writer=resp.getWriter();//响应流
writer.print("Hello,Servlet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
3.编写Servlet映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是JAVA程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需要给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径
在web.xml中配置:
<!--注册Servlet-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.jinmp.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!--Servlet的请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
4.配置Tomcat
注意:配置项目发布的路径
5.启动测试
6.存在问题及注意事项:
在一个java EE项目中,部署了Tomcat 10版本的服务器,在运行过程中发现webapp里面的项目都可以正常跑起来,但是写的servlet文件全都没反应,经过反复检查,确认代码是没有问题的。
原因分析
查了资料才知道原来在Tomcat 10中把包名从以往版本的javax改成了jakarta,而maven导包的时候依旧使用原来的javax,导致Tomcat 10服务器的Servlet接口和我写的servlet文件不匹配,从而无法正常运行。
解决方法:
第一种:将tomcat降为低版本
第二种:
在maven中导入Tomcat 10对应的jakarta.servlet-api
打开项目中的pom.xml文件,找到内的javax.servlet-api,将其注释或删除
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
然后添加一个新的jakarta.servlet-api
<dependency>
<groupId>jakarta.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>jakarta.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.4</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
再点击Load Maven Changes更新maven
7.Servlet原理
Servlet是由Web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会:
8.Mapping问题
8.1.一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
8.2.一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
8.3.一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
8.4.默认请求路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
8.5.指定一些后缀或者前缀。。。。。。
<!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射-->
<!--注意点:*前面不能加项目映射的路径,如:/hello/*.do-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
8.6.优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求
这个是默认的处理请求404
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.jinmp.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
5.ServletContext
Web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;
5.1共享数据
我么这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个Servlet中拿到:
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//super.doGet(req, resp);
System.out.println("hello");
//this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig() servlet配置
// this.getServletContext() servlet上下文
ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();
String username="法外狂徒张三";
context.setAttribute("username",username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext servletContext = this.getServletContext();
String username=(String) servletContext.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字:"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.jinmp.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.jinmp.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
测试访问结果:
5.2获取初始化参数
在web.xml中输入:
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:330/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
public class ServletDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();
String url= context.getInitParameter("url");//获取初始化参数
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
5.3请求转发
<servlet>
<servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.jinmp.servlet.ServletDemo3</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/gp</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>sd4</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.jinmp.servlet.ServletDemo4</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>sd4</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/sd4</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
public class ServletDemo4 extends HelloServlet{
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context=this.getServletContext();
context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);//此处将请求转发到/gp页面
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
5.4读取资源文件
Properties
在resources目录下创建properties
properties文件被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath;
username=jinmp
password=123456
public class ServletDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is= this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
Properties prop=new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String user=prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd=prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
查看返回结果即可。
6.HttpServletResponse
6.1常见应用
- 向浏览器输出信息
- 下载文件
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//下载文件
//1.要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath="F:\\jinmp\\code\\java\\001.jpg";
System.out.println("下载文件的路径:"+realPath);
//2.下载的文件名是啥?
String fileName=realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
//3.设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
//4.获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in=new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5.创建缓冲区
int len=0;
byte[]buffer=new byte[1024];
//6.获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream out=resp.getOutputStream();
//7.将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区,使用OutputStream将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
while ((len=in.read(buffer))>0)
{
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
in.close();
out.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
3.验证码功能
public class RandomImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次;
resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片
Graphics2D g=(Graphics2D)image.getGraphics();//声明画笔
//设置图片的背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.blue);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);
//告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
ImageIO.write(image,"jpg",resp.getOutputStream());
}
//生成随机数
private String makeNum()
{
Random random = new Random();
String num=random.nextInt(9999999)+"";
StringBuffer sb=new StringBuffer();
//如果随机数位数不够,前边补零
for (int i=0;i<7-num.length();i++)
{
sb.append("0");
}
num=sb.toString()+num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
4. 实现重定向
一个web资源B收到客户端A请求后,B会通知A客户端去访问另外一个web资源C,这个过程叫重定向
常见场景:
用户登录
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
public class RedirectServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.sendRedirect("/r/img");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
重定向源代码:
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %><%--解决浏览器加载后的汉字乱码问题--%>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<%--这里提交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前的项目--%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"><br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
String username=req.getParameter("username");
String password=req.getParameter("password");
System.out.println(username+":"+password);
// 重定向的时候一定要注意路径问题,否则404
resp.sendRedirect("/r/success.jsp");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<%--
Created by IntelliJ IDEA.
User: jinmp
Date: 2021-11-21
Time: 6:19
To change this template use File | Settings | File Templates.
--%>
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>success</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>success!</h1>
</body>
</html>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.jinmp.servlet.RequestTest</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>login</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点:页面都会实现跳转
不同点
请求转发的时候,url不会发生变化,状态码:307
重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化,状态码:302
7.HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http协议访问服务器,Http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest方法,获得客户端的所有信息
获取前端传递的参数,请求转发