Python进阶与拾遗6：Python中的静态方法与类方法

在Python工程中，静态方法与类方法是面向对象编程中常用的技术。本篇博文，向大家介绍Python中的静态方法与类方法，下面开始干货。

相关概念

1. 当程序处理与类而不是实例相关的数据时，一个简单的函数就可以胜任，也不需要传递self参数。
2. 静态方法是嵌套在一个类中的没有self参数的简单函数，并且旨在操作类属性而不是实例属性，静态方法不会接受一个自动的self参数。
3. 类方法是类的一种方法，传递给它们的第一个参数是一个类对象而不是一个实例，不管是通过一个实例或者是一个类调用他们。

class Methods:
    def imeth(self, x):
        print(self, x)

    def smeth(x):
        print(x)

    def cmeth(cls, x):
        print(cls, x)

    smeth = staticmethod(smeth)
    cmeth = classmethod(cmeth)

def main():
    obj = Methods()
    obj.imeth(1)
    Methods.imeth(obj, 2)
    obj.smeth(3)
    Methods.smeth(4)
    obj.cmeth(5)
    Methods.cmeth(6)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
'''
输出：
<__main__.Methods object at 0x000001E1CCD8E370> 1
<__main__.Methods object at 0x000001E1CCD8E370> 2
3
4
<class '__main__.Methods'> 5
<class '__main__.Methods'> 6
'''

使用静态方法与类方法的例子

1. 使用静态方法统计实例个数。

class Spam:
    numInstances = 0
    def __init__(self):
        Spam.numInstances += 1
    def printNumInstances():
        print("Number of instances:", Spam.numInstances)
    printNumInstances = staticmethod(printNumInstances)

class Sub(Spam):
    def printNumInstances():
        print("Extra stuff...")
        Spam.printNumInstances()
    printNumInstances = staticmethod(printNumInstances)

def main():
    a = Spam()
    b = Spam()
    c = Sub()
    d = Sub()
    a.printNumInstances()
    b.printNumInstances()
    c.printNumInstances()
    d.printNumInstances()
    Spam.printNumInstances()
    Sub.printNumInstances()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
'''
输出：
Number of instances: 4
Number of instances: 4
Extra stuff...
Number of instances: 4
Extra stuff...
Number of instances: 4
Number of instances: 4
Extra stuff...
Number of instances: 4
'''

2. 使用类方法统计实例的个数。

class Spam:
    numInstances = 0
    def __init__(self):
        Spam.numInstances += 1
    def printNumInstances(cls):
        print("Number of instances:", cls.numInstances, cls)
    printNumInstances = classmethod(printNumInstances)

class Sub(Spam):
    def printNumInstances(cls):
        print("Extra stuff...", cls)
        Spam.printNumInstances()
    printNumInstances = classmethod(printNumInstances)

def main():
    a = Spam()
    b = Spam()
    c = Sub()
    d = Sub()
    a.printNumInstances()
    b.printNumInstances()
    c.printNumInstances()
    d.printNumInstances()
    Spam.printNumInstances()
    Sub.printNumInstances()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
'''
输出：
Number of instances: 4 <class '__main__.Spam'>
Number of instances: 4 <class '__main__.Spam'>
Extra stuff... <class '__main__.Sub'>
Number of instances: 4 <class '__main__.Spam'>
Extra stuff... <class '__main__.Sub'>
Number of instances: 4 <class '__main__.Spam'>
Number of instances: 4 <class '__main__.Spam'>
Extra stuff... <class '__main__.Sub'>
Number of instances: 4 <class '__main__.Spam'>
'''

3. 使用类方法，更能方便地处理层级中每个类不同的数据。

class Spam:
    numInstances = 0
    def count(cls):
        cls.numInstances += 1
    def __init__(self):
        self.count()
    count = classmethod(count)

class Sub(Spam):
    numInstances = 0
    def __init__(self):
        Spam.__init__(self)

class Other(Spam):
    numInstances = 0

def main():
    a = Spam()
    b = Spam()
    c = Sub()
    d = Sub()
    e = Other()
    f = Other()
    print(a.numInstances)
    print(b.numInstances)
    print(c.numInstances)
    print(d.numInstances)
    print(e.numInstances)
    print(f.numInstances)
    print(Spam.numInstances)
    print(Sub.numInstances)
    print(Other.numInstances)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
'''
输出：
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
'''

以上，欢迎各位读者朋友提出意见或建议。

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written by jiong
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