回顾图灵奖（Turing Award）获得者们的贡献，可以发现：....

已有 1966 次阅读 2012-7-7 03:45 |个人分类:信息学基础研究|系统分类:科研笔记|关键词:图灵 auto normal style

图1 邹晓辉归纳的“六代编程语言”基本特征

图2邹晓辉进一步简化的“形式化双重路径”

最近在总结自己发现并强调的“（自然语言）形式化双重途径”的探索、研究和思考的过程中，不由自主地想到回顾图灵奖（Turing Award）获得者们在理论计算机、人工智能、编程语言几个方面的贡献，结果发现自己的猜测或估计真的没错，大部分图灵奖（Turing Award）获得者们的贡献真就是与编程语言及其开发平台、操作系统和数据库等软件及其理论思考联系在一起的。

附录：

回顾图灵奖（Turing Award）获得者们的贡献，可以发现：......

Year	Recipients	Citation
1966	Alan J. Perlis	For his influence in the area of advanced programming techniquesand compilerconstruction
1967	Maurice V. Wilkes	Professor Wilkes is best known as the builder and designer of the EDSAC, the first computer with an internally stored program. Built in 1949, the EDSAC used a mercury delay line memory. He is also known as the author, with Wheeler and Gill, of a volume on "Preparation of Programs for Electronic Digital Computers" in 1951, in which program libraries were effectively introduced
1968	Richard Hamming	For his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes
1969	Marvin Minsky	artificial intelligence
1970	James H. Wilkinson	For his research in numerical analysis to facilitate the use of the high-speed digital computer, having received special recognition for his work in computations in linear algebra and "backward" error analysis
1971	John McCarthy	McCarthy's lecture "The Present State of Research on Artificial Intelligence" is a topic that covers the area in which he has achieved considerable recognition for his work
1972	Edsger W. Dijkstra	Edsger Dijkstra was a principal contributor in the late 1950s to the development of theALGOL, a high level programming language which has become a model of clarity and mathematical rigor. He is one of the principal proponents of the science and art of programming languages in general, and has greatly contributed to our understanding of their structure, representation, and implementation. His fifteen years of publications extend from theoretical articles on graph theory to basic manuals, expository texts, and philosophical contemplations in the field of programming languages
1973	Charles W. Bachman	For his outstanding contributions to database technology
1974	Donald E. Knuth	For his major contributions to the analysis of algorithms and the design of programming languages, and in particular for his contributions to "The Art of Computer Programming" through his well-known books in a continuous series by this title
1975	Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon	In joint scientific efforts extending over twenty years, initially in collaboration withJ. C. Shaw at the RAND Corporation, and subsequentially with numerous faculty and student colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, they have made basic contributions toartificial intelligence, the psychology of human cognition, and list processing
1976	Michael O. Rabinand Dana S. Scott	For their joint paper "Finite Automata and Their Decision Problem," which introduced the idea of nondeterministic machines, which has proved to be an enormously valuable concept. Their (Scott & Rabin) classic paper has been a continuous source of inspiration for subsequent work in this field
1977	John Backus	For profound, influential, and lasting contributions to the design of practical high-level programming systems, notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for seminal publication of formal procedures for the specification of programming languages
1978	Robert W. Floyd	For having a clear influence on methodologies for the creation of efficient and reliable software, and for helping to found the following important subfields of computer science: the theory of parsing, the semantics of programming languages, automaticprogram verification, automatic program synthesis, and analysis of algorithms
1979	Kenneth E. Iverson	For his pioneering effort in programming languages and mathematical notation resulting in what the computing field now knows as APL, for his contributions to the implementation ofinteractive systems, to educational uses of APL, and toprogramming language theory and practice
1980	C. Antony R. Hoare	For his fundamental contributions to the definition and design ofprogramming languages
1981	Edgar F. Codd	For his fundamental and continuing contributions to the theory and practice of database management systems, esp. relational databases
1982	Stephen A. Cook	For his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way
1983	Ken Thompson and Dennis M. Ritchie	For their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system
1984	Niklaus Wirth	For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, EULER, ALGOL-W, MODULA and PASCAL
1985	Richard M. Karp	For his continuing contributions to the theory of algorithmsincluding the development of efficient algorithms for network flow and other combinatorial optimization problems, the identification of polynomial-time computability with the intuitive notion of algorithmic efficiency, and, most notably, contributions to the theory of NP-completeness
1986	John Hopcroft and Robert Tarjan	For fundamental achievements in the design and analysis ofalgorithms and data structures
1987	John Cocke	For significant contributions in the design and theory of compilers, the architecture of large systems and the development of reduced instruction set computers (RISC)
1988	Ivan Sutherland	For his pioneering and visionary contributions to computer graphics, starting withSketchpad, and continuing after
1989	William (Velvel) Kahan	For his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis. One of the foremost experts onfloating-point computations. Kahan has dedicated himself to "making the world safe for numerical computations."
1990	Fernando J. Corbató	For his pioneering work organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems, CTSSand Multics.
1991	Robin Milner	For three distinct and complete achievements: 1) LCF, the mechanization of Scott's Logic of Computable Functions, probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool formachine assisted proof construction; 2) ML, the first language to include polymorphictype inference together with a type-safe exception-handling mechanism; 3) CCS, a general theory of concurrency. In addition, he formulated and strongly advanced full abstraction, the study of the relationship between operational and denotational semantics.
1992	Butler W. Lampson	For contributions to the development of distributed, personal computing environments and the technology for their implementation: workstations, networks, operating systems, programming systems, displays, security and document publishing.
1993	Juris Hartmanis and Richard E. Stearns	In recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory.
1994	Edward Feigenbaumand Raj Reddy	For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology.
1995	Manuel Blum	In recognition of his contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory and its application to cryptography and program checking.
1996	Amir Pnueli	For seminal work introducing temporal logic into computing science and for outstanding contributions to program and systems verification.
1997	Douglas Engelbart	For an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computingand the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision.
1998	Jim Gray	For seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation.
1999	Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.	For landmark contributions to computer architecture, operating systems, and software engineering.
2000	Andrew Chi-Chih Yao	In recognition of his fundamental contributions to the theory of computation, including the complexity-based theoryof pseudorandom number generation, cryptography, andcommunication complexity.
2001	Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard	For ideas fundamental to the emergence of object-oriented programming, through their design of the programming languages Simula I and Simula 67.
2002	Ronald L. Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard M. Adleman	For their ingenious contribution for making public-key cryptography useful in practice.
2003	Alan Kay	For pioneering many of the ideas at the root of contemporary object-oriented programming languages, leading the team that developed Smalltalk, and for fundamental contributions to personal computing.
2004	Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn	For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of theInternet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.
2005	Peter Naur	For fundamental contributions to programming language design and the definition of ALGOL 60, to compiler design, and to the art and practice of computer programming.
2006	Frances E. Allen	For pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of optimizing compiler techniques that laid the foundation for modern optimizing compilers and automatic parallel execution.
2007	Edmund M. Clarke, E. Allen Emersonand Joseph Sifakis	For [their roles] in developing model checking into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries.^[8]
2008	Barbara Liskov	For contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, especially related to data abstraction, fault tolerance, and distributed computing.
2009	Charles P. Thacker	For his pioneering design and realization of the Xerox Alto, the first modern personal computer, and in addition for his contributions to the Ethernet and the Tablet PC.
2010	Leslie G. Valiant	For transformative contributions to the theory of computation,including the theory of probably approximately correct (PAC) learning, the complexity of enumeration and of algebraic computation, and the theory of parallel and distributed computing.
2011	Judea Pearl	For fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence throughthe development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning.^[9]

The ACM A.M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community". It is stipulated that "The contributions should be of lasting and major technical importance to the computer field".^[1] The Turing Award is recognized as the "highest distinction in Computer science"^[2] and "Nobel Prize of computing".^[3]

The award is named after Alan Turing, mathematician and reader in mathematics at the University of Manchester. Turing is "frequently credited for being the Father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence".^[4] As of 2007, the award is accompanied by a prize of $250,000,with financial support provided by Intel and Google.^[1]

The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. Frances E. Allen of IBM, in 2006, was the first female recipient in the award's forty year history.^[5]^[6]^[7] The 2008 award also went to a woman, Barbara Liskov.