IBM Fellows

 

IBM Fellows

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IBM Fellows IBM FellowsIBM's highest technical honor is the designation of IBM Fellow. Fellows are selected for sustained and distinguished technical achievements in engineering, programming and technology. Since the program began in 1962, only 217 people have been designated IBM Fellows. Fellows are granted a wide sphere of independence in the pursuit of their research. IBM Fellows have invented some of the industry's most useful and profitably applied technologies. Few computer users may realize how much of this group's innovations have created the computer technology we take for granted. Examples of technology originated by IBM Fellows include: Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) — the architectural basis for most high performance work stations and servers Thin-film heads — for high-density disk storage devices DRAM — the fundamental solid-state memory technology used in the industry Relational databases — one of the foundational technologies of knowledge management The Trackpoint — the little red pointing device for laptop computers Virtual memory — allows many users to share a single computer The Scanning Tunneling Microscope — the first instrument able to image atoms Fortran — one of the world's most widely used computer languages The AT bus — the basic architecture for IBM personal computers In 2010, six new Fellows were named. There are currently 73 active employees across the company who are IBM Fellows. 2010 IBM Fellow AwardsJames C. Colson IBM Software Group Austin, Texas Jeffrey A. Frey IBM Systems and Technology Group Poughkeepsie, New York Alfred Grill IBM Research Yorktown, New York Subramanian Iyer IBM Systems and Technology Group Hopewell Junction, New York Anant D. Jhingran IBM Software Group San Jose, California Charles Johnson IBM Research Rochester, Minnesota Active Fellows at IBMChieko Asakawa IBM Research Yamato, Japan Dr. Martin Sepulveda IBM CHQ, Human Resources Southbury, Connecticut Michael Kaczmarski IBM Software Group, Tivoli Tucson, Arizona Carl J. Anderson Systems & Technology Group Austin Ravi Arimilli Systems & Technology Group Austin Phaedon Avouris Research Yorktown Richard Baum Systems & Technology Group Austin J. Georg Bednorz Research Zurich Charles H. Bennett Research Yorktown Heights Grady Booch Software Group Boulder Tom Bradicich Systems and Technology Group Raleigh Jean Calvignac Systems & Technology Group Raleigh Donald Chamberlin Research San Jose Tze-Chiang Chen Research Yorktown Heights Josephine Cheng Software Group San Jose Richard C. Chu Systems & Technology Group Poughkeepsie John Cohn Systems and Technology Group Essex Junction Curt Cotner Software Group San Jose Mike Cowlishaw Software Group Warwick, United Kingdom Emmanuel Crabbé Systems and Technology Group, East Fishkill, New York Jerry Cuomo Software Group Durham Bijan Davari Research Yorktown Heights Mark Dean Research Almaden Robert Dennard Research Yorktown Heights Brenda Dietrich Research Yorktown Dan Edelstein Research Yorktown Donald Eigler Research San Jose Satya Sharma IBM Systems & Technology Group Austin, Texas Hung Le IBM Systems & Technology Group, Austin, Texas Roger Schmidt IBM Systems & Technology Group, Poughkeepsie, New York Evangelos Eleftheriou Research Zurich George Galambos Research Hawthorne Alan Gara Research Yorktown Cesar Gonzales Research Hawthorne Irene Greif Research Cambridge David Harame Systems & Technology Group Essex Junction, Vermont Ray Harishankar Global Business Services Ohio Audrey Helffrich Systems & Technology Group Poughkeepsie Steven Hetzler Research San Jose Robert H. High Jr. Software Group, Austin, Texas Kerrie Holley Global Business Services San Francisco Hiroshi Ito Research, San Jose, California Carol Jones Software Group Raleigh Ed Kahan Software Group Orlando James Kahle Systems & Technology Group Austin Bruce Lindsay Research San Jose David Lindquist Software Group Raleigh Bradley McCredie Systems & Technology Group Austin Jai Menon T&IP San Jose Bernard Meyerson Systems & Technology Group Somers Susan L. Miller-Sylvia Global Business Services, Sacramento, California C. Mohan Research India Alex Morrow Research Cambridge David Nahamoo Research, Yorktown, New York

深度学习是机器学习的一个子领域,它基于人工神经网络的研究,特别是利用多层次的神经网络来进行学习和模式识别。深度学习模型能够学习数据的高层次特征,这些特征对于图像和语音识别、自然语言处理、医学图像分析等应用至关重要。以下是深度学习的一些关键概念和组成部分: 1. **神经网络(Neural Networks)**:深度学习的基础是人工神经网络,它是由多个层组成的网络结构,包括输入层、隐藏层和输出层。每个层由多个神经元组成,神经元之间通过权重连接。 2. **前馈神经网络(Feedforward Neural Networks)**:这是最常见的神经网络类型,信息从输入层流向隐藏层,最终到达输出层。 3. **卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks, CNNs)**:这种网络特别适合处理具有网格结构的数据,如图像。它们使用卷积层来提取图像的特征。 4. **循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Networks, RNNs)**:这种网络能够处理序列数据,如时间序列或自然语言,因为它们具有记忆功能,能够捕捉数据中的时间依赖性。 5. **长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)**:LSTM 是一种特殊的 RNN,它能够学习长期依赖关系,非常适合复杂的序列预测任务。 6. **生成对抗网络(Generative Adversarial Networks, GANs)**:由两个网络组成,一个生成器和一个判别器,它们相互竞争,生成器生成数据,判别器评估数据的真实性。 7. **深度学习框架**:如 TensorFlow、Keras、PyTorch 等,这些框架提供了构建、训练和部署深度学习模型的工具和库。 8. **激活函数(Activation Functions)**:如 ReLU、Sigmoid、Tanh 等,它们在神经网络中用于添加非线性,使得网络能够学习复杂的函数。 9. **损失函数(Loss Functions)**:用于评估模型的预测与真实值之间的差异,常见的损失函数包括均方误差(MSE)、交叉熵(Cross-Entropy)等。 10. **优化算法(Optimization Algorithms)**:如梯度下降(Gradient Descent)、随机梯度下降(SGD)、Adam 等,用于更新网络权重,以最小化损失函数。 11. **正则化(Regularization)**:技术如 Dropout、L1/L2 正则化等,用于防止模型过拟合。 12. **迁移学习(Transfer Learning)**:利用在一个任务上训练好的模型来提高另一个相关任务的性能。 深度学习在许多领域都取得了显著的成就,但它也面临着一些挑战,如对大量数据的依赖、模型的解释性差、计算资源消耗大等。研究人员正在不断探索新的方法来解决这些问题。
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