Ubuntu Apache 的 apache2.conf 配制文件说明
转载：http://blog.163.com/shaoyu_lin/blog/static/3802459920123581913291/
#
# Based upon the NCSA server configuration files originally by Rob McCool.
#
# This is the main Apache server configuration file. It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/ for detailed information about
# the directives.
#
# Do NOT simply read the instructions in here without understanding
# what they do. They're here only as hints or reminders. If you are unsure
# consult the online docs. You have been warned.
#
# The configuration directives are grouped into three basic sections:
# 1. Directives that control the operation of the Apache server process as a
# whole (the 'global environment').
# 2. Directives that define the parameters of the 'main' or 'default' server,
# which responds to requests that aren't handled by a virtual host.
# These directives also provide default values for the settings
# of all virtual hosts.
# 3. Settings for virtual hosts, which allow Web requests to be sent to
# different IP addresses or hostnames and have them handled by the
# same Apache server process.
#
# Configuration and logfile names: If the filenames you specify for many
# of the server's control files begin with "/" (or "drive:/" for Win32), the
# server will use that explicit path. If the filenames do *not* begin
# with "/", the value of ServerRoot is prepended -- so "foo.log"
# with ServerRoot set to "/etc/apache2" will be interpreted by the
# server as "/etc/apache2/foo.log".
#
### Section 1: Global Environment
#
# The directives in this section affect the overall operation of Apache,
# such as the number of concurrent requests it can handle or where it
# can find its configuration files.
#
#
# ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's
# configuration, error, and log files are kept.
#
# NOTE! If you intend to place this on an NFS (or otherwise network)
# mounted filesystem then please read the LockFile documentation (available
# at <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mpm_common.html#lockfile>);
# you will save yourself a lot of trouble.
#
# Do NOT add a slash at the end of the directory path.
#
#ServerRoot "/etc/apache2"
#
# The accept serialization lock file MUST BE STORED ON A LOCAL DISK.
#
LockFile ${APACHE_LOCK_DIR}/accept.lock
#
# PidFile: The file in which the server should record its process
# identification number when it starts.
# This needs to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
#
PidFile ${APACHE_PID_FILE}
#
# Timeout: The number of seconds before receives and sends time out.
#
Timeout 300
# 设置服务器在断定请求失败前等待的秒数。默认值300
#
# KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than
# one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.
#
KeepAlive On
# 设置是否启用HTTP持久链接，On 代表打开，Off 代表关闭。如果用于同一页面包含大量静态文件的应用，设置为On，以提高性能；如果用于主要为动态页面的应用，设置为Off，以节约内存资源；如果服务器前跑有squid或者其它七层设备，设置为On。
#
# MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow
# during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.
# We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.
#
MaxKeepAliveRequests 0
# 限制当启用KeepAlive时，每个连接允许的请求数量。如果将此值设为"0"，将不限制请求的数目。笔者建议将此值设为100-500之间的一个值，以确保最优的服务器性能。
#
# KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the
# same client on the same connection.
#
KeepAliveTimeout 30
# 设置持久链接中服务器在两次请求之间等待的秒数。对于高负荷服务器来说，KeepAliveTimeout值较大会导致一些性能方面的问题：超时值越大，与空闲客户端保持连接的进程就越多。
##
## Server-Pool Size Regulation (MPM specific)
##
# prefork MPM
# StartServers: number of server processes to start
# MinSpareServers: minimum number of server processes which are kept spare
# MaxSpareServers: maximum number of server processes which are kept spare
# MaxClients: maximum number of server processes allowed to start
# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves
<IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
StartServers 5
MinSpareServers 5
MaxSpareServers 10
ServerLimit 5500
MaxClients 5000
MaxRequestsPerChild 100
</IfModule>
##########################################################################
mpm_prefork_module 多路处理模块指令说明：
StartServers：
设置服务器启动时建立的子进程数量。因为子进程数量动态的取决于负载的轻重,所有一般没有必要调整这个参数。
MinSpareServers：(可理解为备用\侯补的子进程)
设置空闲子进程的最小数量。所谓空闲子进程是指没有正在处理请求的子进程。如果当前空闲子进程数少于 MinSpareServers ,那么Apache将以最大每秒一个的速度产生新的子进程。只有在非常繁忙机器上才需要调整这个参数。将此参数设的太大通常是一个坏主意。
MaxSpareServers：
设置空闲子进程的最大数量。如果当前有超过MaxSpareServers数量的空闲子进程,那么父进程将杀死多余的子进程。只有在非常繁忙机器上才需要调整这个参数。将此参数设的太大通常是一个坏主意。如果你将该指令的值设置为比MinSpareServers 小,Apache将会自动将其修改成"MinSpareServers+1"。
ServerLimit：
服务器允许配置的进程数上限。只有在你需要将MaxClients设置成高于默认值256的时候才需要使用。要将此指令的值保持和MaxClients一样。修改此指令的值必须完全停止服务后再启动才能生效，先停止再启动以restart方式重启动将不会生效。 ServerLimit 必须放在MaxClients上面 且值>=MaxCliens
MaxClients：
用于伺服客户端请求的最大请求数量（最大子进程数），任何超过MaxClients限制的请求都将进入等候队列。默认值是256，如果要提高这个值必须同时提高ServerLimit的值。笔者建议将初始值设为(以Mb为单位的最大物理内存/2),然后根据负载情况进行动态调整。比如一台4G内存的机器，那么初始值就是4000/2=2000。
MaxRequestsPerChild：
设置每个子进程在其生存期内允许伺服的最大请求数量。到达MaxRequestsPerChild的限制后，子进程将会结束。如果MaxRequestsPerChild为"0"，子进程将永远不会结束。将MaxRequestsPerChild设置成非零值有两个好处：可以防止(偶然的)内存泄漏无限进行而耗尽内存；
给进程一个有限寿命，从而有助于当服务器负载减轻的时候减少活动进程的数量。
如果设置为非零值，笔者建议设为10000-30000之间的一个值。
公式：
MaxClients<=ServerLimit
##########################################################################
# worker MPM
# StartServers: initial number of server processes to start
# MinSpareThreads: minimum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# MaxSpareThreads: maximum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# ThreadLimit: ThreadsPerChild can be changed to this maximum value during a
# graceful restart. ThreadLimit can only be changed by stopping
# and starting Apache.
# ThreadsPerChild: constant number of worker threads in each server process
# MaxClients: maximum number of simultaneous client connections
# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves
<IfModule mpm_worker_module>
StartServers 2
MinSpareThreads 25
MaxSpareThreads 75
ThreadLimit 64
ThreadsPerChild 25
MaxClients 150
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
</IfModule>
##########################################################################
mpm_worker_module 指令说明：
StartServers：
设置服务器启动时建立的子进程数量。因为子进程数量动态的取决于负载的轻重,所有一般没有必要调整这个参数。
ServerLimit：
服务器允许配置的进程数上限。只有在你需要将MaxClients和ThreadsPerChild设置成需要超过默认值16个子进程的时候才需要使用这个指令。不要将该指令的值设置的比MaxClients 和ThreadsPerChild需要的子进程数量高。修改此指令的值必须完全停止服务后再启动才能生效，以restart方式重启动将不会生效。
ThreadLimit：
设置每个子进程可配置的线程数ThreadsPerChild上限,该指令的值应当和ThreadsPerChild可能达到的最大值保持一致。修改此指令的值必须完全停止服务后再启动才能生效，以restart方式重启动将不会生效。
MaxClients：
用于伺服客户端请求的最大接入请求数量（最大线程数）。任何超过MaxClients限制的请求都将进入等候队列。默认值是"400"，16 (ServerLimit)乘以25(ThreadsPerChild)的结果。因此要增加MaxClients的时候，你必须同时增加 ServerLimit的值。笔者建议将初始值设为(以Mb为单位的最大物理内存/2),然后根据负载情况进行动态调整。比如一台4G内存的机器，那么初始值就是4000/2=2000。
MinSpareThreads：
最小空闲线程数,默认值是"75"。这个MPM将基于整个服务器监视空闲线程数。如果服务器中总的空闲线程数太少，子进程将产生新的空闲线程。
MaxSpareThreads：
设置最大空闲线程数。默认值是"250"。这个MPM将基于整个服务器监视空闲线程数。如果服务器中总的空闲线程数太多，子进程将杀死多余的空闲线程。MaxSpareThreads的取值范围是有限制的。Apache将按照如下限制自动修正你设置的值：worker要求其大于等于 MinSpareThreads加上ThreadsPerChild的和。
ThreadsPerChild：
每个子进程建立的线程数。默认值是25。子进程在启动时建立这些线程后就不再建立新的线程了。每个子进程所拥有的所有线程的总数要足够大，以便可以处理可能的请求高峰。
MaxRequestsPerChild：
设置每个子进程在其生存期内允许伺服的最大请求数量。到达MaxRequestsPerChild的限制后，子进程将会结束。如果MaxRequestsPerChild为"0"，子进程将永远不会结束。将MaxRequestsPerChild设置成非零值有两个好处：可以防止(偶然的)内存泄漏无限进行而耗尽内存；
给进程一个有限寿命，从而有助于当服务器负载减轻的时候减少活动进程的数量。
如果设置为非零值，笔者建议设为10000-30000之间的一个值。
公式：
ThreadLimit >= ThreadsPerChild
MaxClients <= ServerLimit * ThreadsPerChild 必须是ThreadsPerChild的倍数
MaxSpareThreads >= MinSpareThreads+ThreadsPerChild
##########################################################################
# event MPM
# StartServers: initial number of server processes to start
# MinSpareThreads: minimum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# MaxSpareThreads: maximum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# ThreadsPerChild: constant number of worker threads in each server process
# MaxClients: maximum number of simultaneous client connections
# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves
<IfModule mpm_event_module>
StartServers 2
MinSpareThreads 25
MaxSpareThreads 75
ThreadLimit 64
ThreadsPerChild 25
MaxClients 150
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
</IfModule>
# These need to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
User ${APACHE_RUN_USER}
Group ${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}
#
# AccessFileName: The name of the file to look for in each directory
# for additional configuration directives. See also the AllowOverride
# directive.
#
AccessFileName .htaccess
# 设置分布式配置文件的名字，默认为.htaccess。如果为某个目录启用了分布式配置文件功能，那么在向客户端返回其中的文档时，服务器将在这个文档所在的各级目录中查找此配置文件，因此会带来性能问题，笔者建议关闭分布式配置文件功能。
#
# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being
# viewed by Web clients.
#
<Files ~ "^\.ht">
Order allow,deny
Deny from all
Satisfy all
</Files>
#
# DefaultType is the default MIME type the server will use for a document
# if it cannot otherwise determine one, such as from filename extensions.
# If your server contains mostly text or HTML documents, "text/plain" is
# a good value. If most of your content is binary, such as applications
# or images, you may want to use "application/octet-stream" instead to
# keep browsers from trying to display binary files as though they are
# text.
#
DefaultType text/plain
#
# HostnameLookups: Log the names of clients or just their IP addresses
# e.g., www.apache.org (on) or 204.62.129.132 (off).
# The default is off because it'd be overall better for the net if people
# had to knowingly turn this feature on, since enabling it means that
# each client request will result in AT LEAST one lookup request to the
# nameserver.
#
HostnameLookups Off
# 设置是否启用对客户端IP的DNS查找，可选值为On | Off | Double。DNS查询会造成明显的时间消耗，建议设置为Off。
# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost>
# container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
# logged here. If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost>
# container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
#
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
#
# LogLevel: Control the number of messages logged to the error_log.
# Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
# alert, emerg.
#
LogLevel warn
# Include module configuration:
Include mods-enabled/*.load
Include mods-enabled/*.conf
# Include all the user configurations:
Include httpd.conf
# Include ports listing
Include ports.conf
#
# The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
# a CustomLog directive (see below).
# If you are behind a reverse proxy, you might want to change %h into %{X-Forwarded-For}i
#
LogFormat "%v:%p %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" vhost_combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O" common
LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer
LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent
# Include of directories ignores editors' and dpkg's backup files,
# see README.Debian for details.
# Include generic snippets of statements
Include conf.d/
# Include the virtual host configurations:
Include sites-enabled/
其它补充：
Apache不显示服务器信息
ServerTokens (ubuntu文件 /etc/apache2/conf.d/security)
控制服务器回应给客户端的"Server:"应答头是否包含关于服务器操作系统类型和编译进的模块描述信息，同时还控制着 ServerSignature指令的显示内容。可选值为Full | OS | Minor | Minimal | Major | Prod。笔者建议设置为显示最少信息的Prod。
说明: 配置服务器HTTP回应头
语法: ServerTokens Major|Minor|Minimal|ProductOnly|OS|Full
默认值: ServerTokens Full
上下文: 服务器配置
状态: 核心
模块: core
此指令控制了Server回送给客户端的回应头域是否包含关于服务器OS类型和编译进的模块描述信息。
ServerTokens Prod[uctOnly]
服务器会发送（比如说）：Server:Apache
ServerTokens Major
服务器会发送（比如说）：Server:Apache/2
ServerTokens Minor
服务器会发送（比如说）：Server:Apache/2.0
ServerTokens Min[imal]
服务器会发送（比如说）：Server:Apache/2.0.41
ServerTokens OS
服务器会发送（比如说）：Server: Apache/2.0.41 (Unix)
ServerTokens Full (or not specified)
服务器会发送（比如说）：Server: Apache/2.0.41 (Unix) PHP/4.2.2 MyMod/1.2
此设置将施用与整个服务器，而且不能在虚拟主机的管理层次上予以启用或禁用。
ServerSignature
配置服务器生成页面的页脚，可选值为On | Off | EMail。采用On会简单的增加一行关于服务器版本和正在伺服的虚拟主机的ServerName，而EMail设置会额外创建一个指向 ServerAdmin的"mailto:"部分。建议使用默认值Off。
HostnameLookups：
设置是否启用对客户端IP的DNS查找，可选值为On | Off | Double。DNS查询会造成明显的时间消耗，建议设置为Off。
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