virtualbox vdi和filesystem的扩容

 

virtualbox 下的 centos6 空间满了

[root@centos6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
                      6.5G  6.5G     0 100% /
tmpfs                 625M     0  625M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   29M  424M   7% /boot

 

【解决方案】

virtualbox 有一个工具叫 VBoxmanage

我们可以在CMD中，使用这个工具调整vdi文件的大小，同时找到vid文件的位置

扩容命令如下:VBoxmanage modifyhd vdi文件  --resize  大小(Mbyte)

2秒不到，便从8G变为15G了

既然加大了硬盘空间，接着就得让linux filesystem识别，这需要一个linux版本的分区助手: disk partition manager 可以通过命令安装

yum install gparted

因为gparted是图形界面工具，所以我们把centos切换成图形界面

init 5

接着大开一个terminal启动gparted，命令刚好就是gparted

 

 可以看到unallocated黑色部分就是还没有分配的空间

[root@centos6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
                      6.5G  6.5G     0 100% /
tmpfs                 625M     0  625M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   29M  424M   7% /boot

这个分区/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root写法的意思是. root分区是"逻辑分区lv(logical volume)" , 而这个逻辑分区属于"volGroup卷用户组“这个大家庭的，volGroup的全称是volume group(vg)，可以被切割成很多个可以弹性伸缩的”lv逻辑分区“，使用fdisk -l可以看到这块大的volume group切分出两个

1./dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root

2./dev/VolGroup/lv_swap

[root@centos6 ~]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/VolGroup/lv_root
  LV Name                lv_root
  VG Name                VolGroup
  LV UUID                kUI3F2-mQi4-Tuor-5cDv-Ds2Z-NOti-0GEim5
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2015-12-18 11:12:06 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                6.71 GiB
  Current LE             1718
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:0
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/VolGroup/lv_swap
  LV Name                lv_swap
  VG Name                VolGroup
  LV UUID                IBGEKO-R4zR-1bw9-lUjh-0647-XjZ7-rZHglC
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2015-12-18 11:12:11 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                816.00 MiB
  Current LE             204
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:1

用图标可以这样表示

在gparted上，我们清楚知道 /dev/sda2 是对应 volume group的

如果不用gparted，我们怎么知道volume group是来源于哪个physical volume呢？可以使用命令：pvdisplay

[root@centos6 ~]# pvdisplay
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/sda2
  VG Name               VolGroup
  PV Size               7.51 GiB / not usable 1.00 MiB
  Allocatable           yes 
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              3603
  Free PE               1681
  Allocated PE          1922
  PV UUID               KDRXxB-j3qx-gzN0-d6Zb-vmcX-GtiF-Wfrt4Y

所以我想要增加lvm2 pv的容量，但是有一个锁的图标，表示不能动，因为那个分区正在使用中,官方文档如是说

Partition operations such as delete, move, copy, format, check, label, and often resize require the partition to be unmounted.

为了不让/dev/sda2分区使用，就换一种操作系统的启动方式，好比使用老毛桃的PE来启动centos，gparted也有这个功能，重新到官网下载ISO版本，有点大250MB，使用方法和安装centos的iso文件，把光盘设置成第一启动方式，把VDI文件设置成第二启动方式

启动后会出现一个很丑陋的界面

因为没有PE系统，没有使用里面任何一块分区，所以可以对他们进行扩容，甚至删除，用鼠标拖动大小即可

完了以后退出，把光盘的第一启动方式删除掉即可，重新进入系统

[root@centos6 ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0006d4bf

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          64      512000   83  Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              64        1902    14758912   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 7205 MB, 7205814272 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 876 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 855 MB, 855638016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 104 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000

这里显示第一块硬盘/dev/sda已经变成了16G了，但是文件系统的大小还是一样没有变化

[root@centos6 ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
                      6.5G  6.1G   85M  99% /
tmpfs                 625M     0  625M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   29M  424M   7% /boot

这是因为办事要按流程，而这个流程是

1.增加硬盘的容量（virtualbox通过modifyhd办到了）

2.增加volume group的容量（通过gparted增大了/dev/sda2容量，实质就是增大了volume group容量）

3.增加从volume group 切分出来的 logical volume 容量

4.增加 logical volume 上的filesystem 容量

咱们只完成了第一步，所以filesytem的容量依旧没有变化

 

第2步，检查一下volume group容量是否增大了

[root@centos6 ~]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               VolGroup
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  4
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               14.07 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              3603
  Alloc PE / Size       1922 / 7.51 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       1681 / 6.57 GiB
  VG UUID               ZHa3HN-rMUw-GSr9-U4ie-x1Zm-seHb-KXtKf2

第3步，检查一下logical volume容量是否有增大了

[root@centos6 ~]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/VolGroup/lv_root
  LV Name                lv_root
  VG Name                VolGroup
  LV UUID                kUI3F2-mQi4-Tuor-5cDv-Ds2Z-NOti-0GEim5
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2015-12-18 11:12:06 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                6.71 GiB
  Current LE             1718
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:0
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/VolGroup/lv_swap
  LV Name                lv_swap
  VG Name                VolGroup
  LV UUID                IBGEKO-R4zR-1bw9-lUjh-0647-XjZ7-rZHglC
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2015-12-18 11:12:11 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                816.00 MiB
  Current LE             204
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:1

依然是6.7G，所以我们需要的是增加logical volume的容量

[root@centos6 ~]# lvextend -L12G /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
  Size of logical volume VolGroup/lv_root changed from 6.71 GiB (1718 extents) to 12.00 GiB (3072 extents).
  Logical volume lv_root successfully resized

这时我们完成了第三步，逻辑分区（logical volume）加大了，然而在lv上面的fileystem还是没有变化

[root@centos6 ~]# df -lh
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
                      6.5G  6.1G   75M  99% /
tmpfs                 625M     0  625M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   29M  424M   7% /boot

我们首先要确认 /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root这个逻辑分区上的filesytem是什么类型的？是ext4还是ext3?还是xfs？因为不同的file system类型扩容的方式不同

[root@centos6 ~]# df --help
Usage: df [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Show information about the file system on which each FILE resides,
or all file systems by default.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
  -a, --all             include dummy file systems
  -B, --block-size=SIZE  use SIZE-byte blocks
      --direct          show statistics for a file instead of mount point
      --total           produce a grand total
  -h, --human-readable  print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
  -H, --si              likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
  -i, --inodes          list inode information instead of block usage
  -k                    like --block-size=1K
  -l, --local           limit listing to local file systems
      --no-sync         do not invoke sync before getting usage info (default)
  -P, --portability     use the POSIX output format
      --sync            invoke sync before getting usage info
  -t, --type=TYPE       limit listing to file systems of type TYPE
  -T, --print-type      print file system type
  -x, --exclude-type=TYPE   limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE
  -v                    (ignored)
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

 

[root@centos6 ~]# df -T
Filesystem           Type  1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
                     ext4    6795192 6367072     76276  99% /
tmpfs                tmpfs    639164       0    639164   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1            ext4     487652   28684    433368   7% /boot

我们知道它是ext4类型的

[root@centos6 mysql]# resize2fs /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root to 3145728 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root is now 3145728 blocks long.

 在这里也普及一下block这个概念，中文翻译是”块“，上面写着1 block = 4K ,可以得出block是有4kB组成的，但也可以是1kB组成的

[root@centos7 ~]# df
Filesystem              1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root   7022592 4890768   2131824  70% /
devtmpfs                   498344       0    498344   0% /dev
tmpfs                      508428       0    508428   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                      508428    6684    501744   2% /run
tmpfs                      508428       0    508428   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                  508588  149180    359408  30% /boot
tmpfs                      101688       0    101688   0% /run/user/0

在file系统调整大小的时候，默认也是用block做单位的，那block的定义是什么呢？

In computing (specifically data transmission and data storage), a block, sometimes called a physical record, is a sequence of bytes or bits, usually containing some whole number of records, having a maximum length, a block size.^[1] 

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/hellotracy/articles/5136296.html