What is the difference between a Bayesian network and a Naive Bayes classifier?

Short answer for if you're only interested in solving a prediction task: use Naive Bayes.

A Bayesian network (has a good wikipedia page) models relationships between features in a very general way. If you know what these relationships are, or have enough data to derive them, then it may be appropriate to use a Bayesian network.

A Naive Bayes classifier is a simple model that describes particular class of Bayesian network - where all of the features are class-conditionally independent. Because of this, there are certain problems that Naive Bayes cannot solve (example below). However, its simplicity also makes it easier to apply, and it requires less data to get a good result in many cases.

Example: XOR You have a learning problem with binary features x_1, x_2 and a target variable y = x_1 XOR x_2.

In a Naive Bayes classifier, x_1 and x_2 must be treated independently - so you would compute things like "The probability that y = 1 given that x_1 = 1" - hopefully you can see that this isn't helpful, because x_1 = 1 doesn't make y = 1 any more or less likely. Since a Bayesian network does not assume independence, it would be able to solve such a problem.