Python全栈开发-Python爬虫-07 PyQuery详解

PyQuery详解

pyquery允许你对xml文档进行jquery查询,API尽可能类似jquery,pyquery使用lxml进行快速xml和html操作

PyQuery是python中一个强大而又灵活的网页解析库,如果你觉得正则写起来太麻烦,又觉得BeautifulSoup语法太难记,如果你熟悉jQuery的语法那么,PyQuery就是你绝佳的选择。

安装:

pip install pyquery

一. 初始化

1.1 基于标签选择器

html = '''
<div>
    <ul>
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq  #用字母pq代替PyQuery

doc = pq(html) #声明PyQuery对象,传入html

print(doc('li'))  #选择li标签 拿到所有li标签
print(type(doc('li')))  # 类型

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     
<class 'pyquery.pyquery.PyQuery'>

1.2 URL初始化

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq

doc = pq(url='http://www.baidu.com') # 直接传入请求的url 请求百度首页
print(doc)
print("-----------"*10)
print(doc('head'))

运行结果如下:

<html> <head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/><meta content="always" name="referrer"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css"/><title>ç™¾åº¦ä¸€ä¸‹ï¼Œä½ å°±çŸ¥é“</title></head> <body link="#0000cc"> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="head"> <div class="head_wrapper"> <div class="s_form"> <div class="s_form_wrapper"> <div id="lg"> <img hidefocus="true" src="//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png" width="270" height="129"/> </div> <form id="form" name="f" action="//www.baidu.com/s" class="fm"> <input type="hidden" name="bdorz_come" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="utf-8"/> <input type="hidden" name="f" value="8"/> <input type="hidden" name="rsv_bp" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" name="rsv_idx" value="1"/> <input type="hidden" name="tn" value="baidu"/><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id="kw" name="wd" class="s_ipt" value="" maxlength="255" autocomplete="off" autofocus=""/></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type="submit" id="su" value="百度一下" class="bg s_btn"/></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id="u1"> <a href="http://news.baidu.com" name="tj_trnews" class="mnav">æ–°é—»</a> <a href="http://www.hao123.com" name="tj_trhao123" class="mnav">hao123</a> <a href="http://map.baidu.com" name="tj_trmap" class="mnav">地图</a> <a href="http://v.baidu.com" name="tj_trvideo" class="mnav">视频</a> <a href="http://tieba.baidu.com" name="tj_trtieba" class="mnav">贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('&lt;a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&amp;")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb"&gt;登录&lt;/a&gt;');</script> <a href="//www.baidu.com/more/" name="tj_briicon" class="bri" style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ftCon"> <div id="ftConw"> <p id="lh"> <a href="http://home.baidu.com">å
³äºŽç™¾åº¦</a> <a href="http://ir.baidu.com">About Baidu</a> </p> <p id="cp">©2017 Baidu <a href="http://www.baidu.com/duty/">使用百度前å¿
读</a>  <a href="http://jianyi.baidu.com/" class="cp-feedback">意见反馈</a> 京ICP证030173号  <img src="//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif"/> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/><meta content="always" name="referrer"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css"/><title>ç™¾åº¦ä¸€ä¸‹ï¼Œä½ å°±çŸ¥é“</title></head> 

1.3 filename 文件初始化

from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(filename='demo.html') # filename指定文件名,该文件放在了运行目录下
print(doc)
print('------'*10)
print(doc('li'))

运行结果如下:

<div>
    <ul>
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
------------------------------------------------------------
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

注意:PyQuery找都是找所有 这是跟bs4不同的地方

二. 基本CSS选择器

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         <i>qwe</i>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''



from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
print(doc('li'))  # 标签选择器 默认选取到所有
print('-------'*5)
# 层级选择器 #表示id  空格就是下一级 .表示类名list 标签li
print(doc('#container .list li'))  
print('-------'*5)
print(doc('#container')) # 默认拿到整个div

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         
-----------------------------------
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         
-----------------------------------
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         <i>qwe</i>
     </ul>
 </div>

三. 查找元素

3.1 子元素

html = '''
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
     <ul>
         <li>123123213</li>
     </ul>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)

items = doc('.list li')
print(items)
print('------'*10)

# # PyQuery找都是找所有 这是跟bs4不同的地方
lis = doc.find('li')
print(lis)
print('------'*10)

dfg = lis('span')
print(dfg)

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     
------------------------------------------------------------
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     <li>123123213</li>
     
------------------------------------------------------------
<span class="bold">third item</span>

接上面代码

items = doc('.list')
print(items)
print('------'*10)

lis = items.children() # 孩子节点 也就拿到li标签
print(lis)

运行结果如下:

<ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
     
------------------------------------------------------------
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

接上面代码

lis = items.children('.active') # 拿类名为active
print(lis)

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>

3.2 父元素

html = '''
<div id="zuzong">
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
print(items)
print('----'*10)
container = items.parent() # 父元素
print(container)

运行结果如下:

<ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 
----------------------------------------
<div id="container">
    <ul class="list">
         <li class="item-0">first item</li>
         <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
         <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
         <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
     </ul>
 </div>

3.3 祖先元素

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
items = doc('.list')
print(items)
print('---------'*10)
parents = items.parents()  # 祖先
print(parents)

运行结果如下:

<ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div><div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 

3.4 兄弟元素

例一:

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.list .item-0.active')  # list 下边的有item-0和active类属性的元素
print(li)

print(li.siblings())  # 兄弟节点

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

例二:

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('.list .item-0.active')
print(li)

print(li.siblings('.active'))  # 通过.active 找兄弟节点

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>

四. 遍历

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
# li = doc('.item-0 active')  #错误用例
li = doc('.item-0.active')  # 重点注意!!
print(li)

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)

# lis = doc('li')
# print(lis) 
# for li in lis:
#     print(li) # 只返回内存地址


# 如果得到的是多个节点的对象,则需要进行遍历来获取单个节点对象,
# 这时要注意不能直接遍历多个节点对象,而是要调用多节点对象的items()方法
# .items()返回一个迭代器,如果不用items() 遍历的时候没法拿到正确数据,只告诉内存地址

lis = doc('li').items()
print(lis) 

for li in lis:
    print(li)

运行结果如下:

<generator object PyQuery.items at 0x0000028FFF701F90>
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
             
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             
<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>

五. 获取信息

5.1 attr – 获取属性

很重要,因为图片视频都是在链接里面,我们拿到链接就可以保存为二进制数据

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a title="qwe123" id="qqqqq" href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
a = doc('.item-0.active a')
print(a)
print(a.attr('href')) # attr 表示拿属性  推荐第一种写法

print('----------'*10)
# 注意 beautifulsoup里获取属性是attrs
print(a.attr.href) #第二种写法
print(a.attr.id) 
print(a.attr.title)

运行结果如下:

<a title="qwe123" id="qqqqq" href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a>
link3.html
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
link3.html
qqqqq
qwe123

5.2 text() --获取文本

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">uuuuuu</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
a = doc('.item-0.active a')
print(a)
print(a.text()) # .text() 获取文本

# beautifulsoup里面CSS获取文本是get_text()

运行结果如下:

<a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">uuuuuu</span></a>
uuuuuu

六. DOM操作

6.1 addClass、removeClass

能帮我们快速查找或筛选数据

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)

li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)

li.removeClass('active') # 移除类名
print(li)  #发现类名里面active没有了

li.addClass('active') # 添加类名
print(li)

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-0"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

6.2 attr、css

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)

li = doc('.item-0.active')
print(li)

li.attr('name', 'link') # attr 如何没有name属性就添加name属性值为link
print(li)

li.css('font-size', '14px') # 修改css样式 如果没有 就会添加font-size为14px
print(li)

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-0 active" name="link"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             
<li class="item-0 active" name="link" style="font-size: 14px"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>

6.3 remove — 移除标签以及内容

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    Hello, World
    <p>This is a paragraph.</p>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)

wrap = doc('.wrap')
# print(wrap)
# print('----'*10)
# print(wrap.text())
# print('-----'*10)
wrap.find('p').remove() # p标签没有任何属性供我们去选择 但又不想要p标签里的数据,那就移除p标签
print(wrap)
print(wrap.text()) # 移除了p标签及其内部的文字内容

运行结果如下:

<div class="wrap">
    Hello, World
     
 </div>
Hello, World

其他DOM方法

七. 伪类选择器

jQuery所有选择器都适用

html = '''
<div class="wrap">
    <div id="container">
        <ul class="list">
             <li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0 active"><a href="link3.html"><span class="bold">third item</span></a></li>
             <li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         </ul>
     </div>
 </div>
'''
from pyquery import PyQuery as pq
doc = pq(html)
li = doc('li:last')   # li标签的最后一个
print(li)
li = doc('li:last-child')  # li标签最后一个孩子
print(li)
li = doc('li:nth-child(4)') # 索引从1开始 拿第4个孩子
print(li)
li = doc('li:lt(2)')  # 根据索引值判断 索引从0开始 gt表示大于  lt表小于
print(li)
li = doc('li:eq(4)')  # eq表等于
print(li)
li = doc('li:contains(first)') #contains包含某内容 主要做内容的筛选
# # print(li)
print(li)

运行结果如下:

<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         
<li class="item-1 active"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
             
<li class="item-0">first item</li>
             <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
             
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
         
<li class="item-0">first item</li>

更多CSS选择器可以查看 更多css选择器

PyQuery官方文档 — PyQuery官方文档

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