Android App 安全的HTTPS 通信

漏洞描述

对于数字证书相关概念、Android 里 https 通信代码就不再复述了,直接讲问题。缺少相应的安全校验很容易导致中间人攻击,而漏洞的形式主要有以下3种:

自定义X509TrustManager

在使用HttpsURLConnection发起 HTTPS 请求的时候,提供了一个自定义的X509TrustManager,未实现安全校验逻辑,下面片段就是当时新浪微博 sdk 内部的代码片段。如果不提供自定义的X509TrustManager,代码运行起来可能会报异常(原因下文解释),初学者就很容易在不明真相的情况下提供了一个自定义的X509TrustManager,却忘记正确地实现相应的方法。本文重点介绍这种场景的处理方式。

TrustManager tm = new X509TrustManager() {
    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType)
            throws CertificateException {
              //do nothing,接受任意客户端证书
    }

    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain, String authType)
            throws CertificateException {
              //do nothing,接受任意服务端证书
    }

    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
        return null;
    }
};

sslContext.init(null, new TrustManager[] { tm }, null);

自定义了HostnameVerifier

在握手期间,如果 URL 的主机名和服务器的标识主机名不匹配,则验证机制可以回调此接口的实现程序来确定是否应该允许此连接。如果回调内实现不恰当,默认接受所有域名,则有安全风险。代码示例。

HostnameVerifier hnv = new HostnameVerifier() {
  @Override
  public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) {
    // Always return true,接受任意域名服务器
    return true;
  }
};
HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultHostnameVerifier(hnv);

信任所有主机名

SSLSocketFactory sf = new MySSLSocketFactory(trustStore);
sf.setHostnameVerifier(SSLSocketFactory.ALLOW_ALL_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER);

修复方案

分而治之,针对不同的漏洞点分别描述,这里就讲的修复方案主要是针对非浏览器App,非浏览器 App 的服务端通信对象比较固定,一般都是自家服务器,可以做很多特定场景的定制化校验。如果是浏览器 App,校验策略就有更通用一些。

自定义X509TrustManager。前面说到,当发起 HTTPS 请求时,可能抛起一个异常,以下面这段代码为例(来自官方文档):

try {
    URL url = new URL("https://certs.cac.washington.edu/CAtest/");
    URLConnection urlConnection = url.openConnection();
    InputStream in = urlConnection.getInputStream();
    copyInputStreamToOutputStream(in, System.out);
} catch (MalformedURLException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

private void copyInputStreamToOutputStream(InputStream in, PrintStream out) throws IOException {
    byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
    int c = 0;
    while ((c = in.read(buffer)) != -1) {
        out.write(buffer, 0, c);
    }
}

它会抛出一个SSLHandshakeException的异常。

javax.net.ssl.SSLHandshakeException: java.security.cert.CertPathValidatorException: Trust anchor for certification path not found.
    at com.android.org.conscrypt.OpenSSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(OpenSSLSocketImpl.java:322)
    at com.android.okhttp.Connection.upgradeToTls(Connection.java:201)
    at com.android.okhttp.Connection.connect(Connection.java:155)
    at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.HttpEngine.connect(HttpEngine.java:276)
    at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.HttpEngine.sendRequest(HttpEngine.java:211)
    at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.HttpURLConnectionImpl.execute(HttpURLConnectionImpl.java:382)
    at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.HttpURLConnectionImpl.getResponse(HttpURLConnectionImpl.java:332)
    at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.HttpURLConnectionImpl.getInputStream(HttpURLConnectionImpl.java:199)
    at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.DelegatingHttpsURLConnection.getInputStream(DelegatingHttpsURLConnection.java:210)
    at com.android.okhttp.internal.http.HttpsURLConnectionImpl.getInputStream(HttpsURLConnectionImpl.java:25)
    at me.longerian.abcandroid.datetimepicker.TestDateTimePickerActivity$1.run(TestDateTimePickerActivity.java:236)
Caused by: java.security.cert.CertificateException: java.security.cert.CertPathValidatorException: Trust anchor for certification path not found.
    at com.android.org.conscrypt.TrustManagerImpl.checkTrusted(TrustManagerImpl.java:318)
    at com.android.org.conscrypt.TrustManagerImpl.checkServerTrusted(TrustManagerImpl.java:219)
    at com.android.org.conscrypt.Platform.checkServerTrusted(Platform.java:114)
    at com.android.org.conscrypt.OpenSSLSocketImpl.verifyCertificateChain(OpenSSLSocketImpl.java:550)
    at com.android.org.conscrypt.NativeCrypto.SSL_do_handshake(Native Method)
    at com.android.org.conscrypt.OpenSSLSocketImpl.startHandshake(OpenSSLSocketImpl.java:318)
 ... 10 more
Caused by: java.security.cert.CertPathValidatorException: Trust anchor for certification path not found.
 ... 16 more

Android 手机有一套共享证书的机制,如果目标 URL 服务器下发的证书不在已信任的证书列表里,或者该证书是自签名的,不是由权威机构颁发,那么会出异常。对于我们这种非浏览器 app 来说,如果提示用户去下载安装证书,可能会显得比较诡异。幸好还可以通过自定义的验证机制让证书通过验证。验证的思路有两种:

方案1

不论是权威机构颁发的证书还是自签名的,打包一份到 app 内部,比如存放在 asset 里。通过这份内置的证书初始化一个KeyStore,然后用这个KeyStore去引导生成的TrustManager来提供验证,具体代码如下:

try {
  CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
  // uwca.crt 打包在 asset 中,该证书可以从https://itconnect.uw.edu/security/securing-computer/install/safari-os-x/下载
  InputStream caInput = new BufferedInputStream(getAssets().open("uwca.crt"));
  Certificate ca;
  try {
      ca = cf.generateCertificate(caInput);
      Log.i("Longer", "ca=" + ((X509Certificate) ca).getSubjectDN());
      Log.i("Longer", "key=" + ((X509Certificate) ca).getPublicKey();
  } finally {
      caInput.close();
  }

  // Create a KeyStore containing our trusted CAs
  String keyStoreType = KeyStore.getDefaultType();
  KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(keyStoreType);
  keyStore.load(null, null);
  keyStore.setCertificateEntry("ca", ca);

  // Create a TrustManager that trusts the CAs in our KeyStore
  String tmfAlgorithm = TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm();
  TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(tmfAlgorithm);
  tmf.init(keyStore);

  // Create an SSLContext that uses our TrustManager
  SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLSv1","AndroidOpenSSL");
  context.init(null, tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);

  URL url = new URL("https://certs.cac.washington.edu/CAtest/");
  HttpsURLConnection urlConnection =
          (HttpsURLConnection)url.openConnection();
  urlConnection.setSSLSocketFactory(context.getSocketFactory());
  InputStream in = urlConnection.getInputStream();
  copyInputStreamToOutputStream(in, System.out);
} catch (CertificateException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (KeyStoreException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (KeyManagementException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchProviderException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
}

这样就可以得到正确的输出内容:

如果你用上述同样的代码访问 https://www.taobao.com/ 或者 https://www.baidu.com/ ,则会抛出那个SSLHandshakeException异常,也就是说对于特定证书生成的TrustManager,只能验证与特定服务器建立安全链接,这样就提高了安全性。如之前提到的,对于非浏览器 app 来说,这是可以接受的。

方案2

同方案1,打包一份到证书到 app 内部,但不通过KeyStore去引导生成的TrustManager,而是干脆直接自定义一个TrustManager,自己实现校验逻辑;校验逻辑主要包括:

•服务器证书是否过期
•证书签名是否合法

try {
  CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
  // uwca.crt 打包在 asset 中,该证书可以从https://itconnect.uw.edu/security/securing-computer/install/safari-os-x/下载
  InputStream caInput = new BufferedInputStream(getAssets().open("uwca.crt"));
  final Certificate ca;
  try {
      ca = cf.generateCertificate(caInput);
      Log.i("Longer", "ca=" + ((X509Certificate) ca).getSubjectDN());
      Log.i("Longer", "key=" + ((X509Certificate) ca).getPublicKey());
  } finally {
      caInput.close();
  }
  // Create an SSLContext that uses our TrustManager
  SSLContext context = SSLContext.getInstance("TLSv1","AndroidOpenSSL");
  context.init(null, new TrustManager[]{
          new X509TrustManager() {
              @Override
              public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,
                      String authType)
                      throws CertificateException {

              }

              @Override
              public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,
                      String authType)
                      throws CertificateException {
                  for (X509Certificate cert : chain) {

                      // Make sure that it hasn't expired.
                      cert.checkValidity();

                      // Verify the certificate's public key chain.
                      try {
                          cert.verify(((X509Certificate) ca).getPublicKey());
                      } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
                          e.printStackTrace();
                      } catch (InvalidKeyException e) {
                          e.printStackTrace();
                      } catch (NoSuchProviderException e) {
                          e.printStackTrace();
                      } catch (SignatureException e) {
                          e.printStackTrace();
                      }
                  }
              }

              @Override
              public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
                  return new X509Certificate[0];
              }
          }
  }, null);

  URL url = new URL("https://certs.cac.washington.edu/CAtest/");
  HttpsURLConnection urlConnection =
          (HttpsURLConnection)url.openConnection();
  urlConnection.setSSLSocketFactory(context.getSocketFactory());
  InputStream in = urlConnection.getInputStream();
  copyInputStreamToOutputStream(in, System.out);
} catch (CertificateException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (KeyManagementException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchProviderException e) {
  e.printStackTrace();
}

同样上述代码只能访问 certs.cac.washington.edu 相关域名地址,如果访问 https://www.taobao.com/ 或者 https://www.baidu.com/ ,则会在cert.verify(((X509Certificate) ca).getPublicKey());处抛异常,导致连接失败。

•自定义HostnameVerifier,简单的话就是根据域名进行字符串匹配校验;业务复杂的话,还可以结合配置中心、白名单、黑名单、正则匹配等多级别动态校验;总体来说逻辑还是比较简单的,反正只要正确地实现那个方法。

HostnameVerifier hnv = new HostnameVerifier() {
  @Override
  public boolean verify(String hostname, SSLSession session) {
    //示例
    if("yourhostname".equals(hostname)){  
      return true;  
    } else {  
      HostnameVerifier hv =
            HttpsURLConnection.getDefaultHostnameVerifier();
      return hv.verify(hostname, session);
    }
  }
};

•主机名验证策略改成严格模式

SSLSocketFactory sf = new MySSLSocketFactory(trustStore);
sf.setHostnameVerifier(SSLSocketFactory.STRICT_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER);

 

参考:https://developer.android.google.cn/training/articles/security-ssl

https://developer.android.google.cn/training/articles/security-config

https://blog.csdn.net/innost/article/details/44081147

  • 0
    点赞
  • 1
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值