MySQL-复杂SQL语句编写：子查询分析与练习

已于 2024-04-08 02:18:54 修改
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子查询

1. 由一个具体的需求，引入子查询

需求：谁的工资比Abel的高？

#方式1：
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel';

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 11000;

#方式2：自连接
SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salary
FROM employees e1,employees e2
WHERE e2.`salary` > e1.`salary` #多表的连接条件
AND e1.last_name = 'Abel';

#方式3：子查询
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
		);

2. 称谓的规范：外查询（或主查询）、内查询（或子查询）

  • 子查询（内查询）在主查询之前一次执行完成。
  • 子查询的结果被主查询（外查询）使用 。
  • 注意事项
    • 子查询要包含在括号内
    • 将子查询放在比较条件的右侧
    • 单行操作符对应单行子查询，多行操作符对应多行子查询

不推荐：

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE  (
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
		) < salary;

3. 子查询的分类

角度1：从内查询返回的结果的条目数
单行子查询 vs 多行子查询

角度2：内查询是否被执行多次
相关子查询 vs 不相关子查询

比如：相关子查询的需求：查询工资大于本部门平均工资的员工信息。
不相关子查询的需求：查询工资大于本公司平均工资的员工信息。

子查询的编写技巧（或步骤）：① 从里往外写 ② 从外往里写

4. 单行子查询

4.1 单行操作符： = != > >= < <=

题目：查询工资大于149号员工工资的员工的信息

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id = 149
		);

题目：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工姓名，job_id和工资

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id = 141
		)
AND salary > (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id = 143
		);

题目：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
		SELECT MIN(salary)
		FROM employees
		);

题目：查询与141号员工的manager_id和department_id相同的其他员工的employee_id，manager_id，department_id。

#方式1：
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = (
		    SELECT manager_id
		    FROM employees
		    WHERE employee_id = 141
		   )
AND department_id = (
		    SELECT department_id
		    FROM employees
		    WHERE employee_id = 141
		   )
AND employee_id <> 141;

#方式2：了解
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id,department_id) = (
				    SELECT manager_id,department_id
			            FROM employees
				    WHERE employee_id = 141
				   )
AND employee_id <> 141;

题目：查询最低工资大于110号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > (
			SELECT MIN(salary)
			FROM employees
			WHERE department_id = 110
		     );

题目：显式员工的employee_id,last_name和location。其中，若员工department_id与location_id为1800的department_id相同，则location为’Canada’，其余则为’USA’。

SELECT employee_id,last_name,CASE department_id 
                             WHEN (SELECT department_id 
                                   FROM departments 
                                   WHERE location_id = 1800) 
                             THEN 'Canada'
						                 ELSE 'USA' 
                             END "location"
FROM employees;

4.2 子查询中的空值问题

SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM   employees
WHERE  job_id =
                (SELECT job_id
                 FROM   employees
                 WHERE  last_name = 'Haas');

4.3 非法使用子查询

错误：Subquery returns more than 1 row
– 子查询有多个结果

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM   employees
WHERE  salary =
                (SELECT   MIN(salary)
                 FROM     employees
                 GROUP BY department_id);

5.多行子查询

5.1 多行子查询的操作符： IN ANY ALL SOME(同ANY)

5.2举例：

IN

SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM   employees
WHERE  salary IN
                (SELECT   MIN(salary)
                 FROM     employees
                 GROUP BY department_id);

ANY / ALL
题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ANY (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
		);

题目：返回其它job_id中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id <> 'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ALL (
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
		);

题目：查询平均工资最低的部门id
MySQL中聚合函数是不能嵌套使用的。

#方式1：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
			SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
			FROM(
				SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
				FROM employees
				GROUP BY department_id
				) t_dept_avg_sal
			);

#方式2：
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL(	
			SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			)

5.3 空值问题(存在记录行为null，会导致没有结果)

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id NOT IN (-- 改为 in 的时候，由于employee_id是主键，所以不会为null，所以没有报错
			SELECT manager_id
			FROM employees
			);

6. 相关子查询

回顾：查询员工中工资大于公司平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id

6.1 子查询可以出现的位置

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees
		);

题目：查询员工中工资大于本部门平均工资的员工的last_name,salary和其department_id

#方式1：使用相关子查询，where中子查询
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
		);

#方式2：在FROM中声明子查询，采用临时表
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(
		SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e.salary > t_dept_avg_sal.avg_sal

题目：查询员工的id,salary,按照department_name 排序

SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY (
	 SELECT department_name
	 FROM departments d
	 WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
	) ASC;

结论：在SELECT中，除了GROUP BY 和 LIMIT之外，其他位置都可以声明子查询！

SELECT ....,....,....(存在聚合函数)
FROM ... (LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ....ON 多表的连接条件 
(LEFT / RIGHT)JOIN ... ON ....
WHERE 不包含聚合函数的过滤条件
GROUP BY ...,....
HAVING 包含聚合函数的过滤条件
ORDER BY ....,...(ASC / DESC )
LIMIT ...,....

题目：若employees表中employee_id与job_history表中employee_id相同的数目不小于2，输出这些相同id的员工的employee_id,last_name和其job_id

SELECT *
FROM job_history;

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2 <= (
	    SELECT COUNT(*)
	    FROM job_history j
	    WHERE e.`employee_id` = j.`employee_id`
		)

6.2 EXISTS 与 NOT EXISTS关键字

题目：查询公司管理者的employee_id，last_name，job_id，department_id信息

#方式1：自连接
SELECT DISTINCT mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name,mgr.job_id,mgr.department_id
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;

#方式2：子查询
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees
			);

#方式3：使用EXISTS
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (-- 查到为止，没查到，会继续往下面查
	       SELECT *
	       FROM employees e2
	       WHERE e1.`employee_id` = e2.`manager_id`
	     );

题目：查询departments表中，不存在于employees表中的部门的department_id和department_name

#方式1：
SELECT d.department_id,d.department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;
-- or  下面的更容易理解
SELECT d.department_id,d.department_name
FROM departments d left JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

#方式2：
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e
		WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
		);

SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM departments;

子查询的练习

1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工姓名和工资

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
			);

2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号，姓名和工资。

SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees
		);

3.选择工资大于所有JOB_ID = 'SA_MAN’的员工的工资的员工的last_name, job_id, salary

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > ALL(
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE job_id = 'SA_MAN'
		);

4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名

SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees 
WHERE department_id IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT department_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%'
			);

5.查询在部门的location_id为1700的部门工作的员工的员工号

SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM departments
			WHERE location_id = 1700
			);

6.查询管理者是King的员工姓名和工资

SELECT last_name,salary,manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (
			SELECT employee_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE last_name = 'King'
			);

7.查询工资最低的员工信息: last_name, salary

SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
		SELECT MIN(salary)
		FROM employees
		);

8.查询平均工资最低的部门信息

#方式1：
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary ) = (
						SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
						FROM (
							SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
							FROM employees
							GROUP BY department_id
							) t_dept_avg_sal

						)
			);
#方式2：
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary ) <= ALL(
						SELECT AVG(salary)
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						)
			);

#方式3： LIMIT
SELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary ) =(
						SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
						LIMIT 1		
						)
			);

#方式4：
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d,(
		SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY department_id
		ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
		LIMIT 0,1
		) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.`department_id` = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id

9.查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资（相关子查询）

#方式1：
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) avg_sal
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary ) = (
						SELECT MIN(avg_sal)
						FROM (
							SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
							FROM employees
							GROUP BY department_id
							) t_dept_avg_sal

						)
			);

#方式2：
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) avg_sal
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary ) <= ALL(
						SELECT AVG(salary)
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						)
			);

#方式3： LIMIT
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) avg_sal
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING AVG(salary ) =(
						SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
						LIMIT 1		
						)
			);

#方式4：
SELECT d.*,(SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE department_id = d.`department_id`) avg_sal
FROM departments d,(
		SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY department_id
		ORDER BY avg_sal ASC
		LIMIT 0,1
		) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE d.`department_id` = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id

10.查询平均工资最高的 job 信息

#方式1：
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY job_id
		HAVING AVG(salary) = (
					SELECT MAX(avg_sal)
					FROM (
						SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY job_id
						) t_job_avg_sal
					)
		);

#方式2：
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY job_id
		HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL(
				     SELECT AVG(salary) 
				     FROM employees
				     GROUP BY job_id
				     )
		);

#方式3：
SELECT *
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id = (
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY job_id
		HAVING AVG(salary) =(
				     SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
				     FROM employees
				     GROUP BY job_id
				     ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
				     LIMIT 0,1
				     )
		);

#方式4：
SELECT j.*
FROM jobs j,(
		SELECT job_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY job_id
		ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
		LIMIT 0,1		
		) t_job_avg_sal
WHERE j.job_id = t_job_avg_sal.job_id

11.查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?

SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > (
			SELECT AVG(salary)
			FROM employees
			);

12.查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息

#方式1：自连接  xxx worked for yyy
SELECT DISTINCT mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name,mgr.job_id,mgr.department_id
FROM employees emp JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;

#方式2：子查询

SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees
			);

#方式3：使用EXISTS
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
	       SELECT *
	       FROM employees e2
	       WHERE e1.`employee_id` = e2.`manager_id`
	     );

13.各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少?

#方式1：
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING MAX(salary) = (
						SELECT MIN(max_sal)
						FROM (
							SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal
							FROM employees
							GROUP BY department_id
							) t_dept_max_sal
						)
			);

SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 10;

#方式2：
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING MAX(salary) <= ALL (
						SELECT MAX(salary)
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						)
			);

#方式3：
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
			SELECT department_id
			FROM employees
			GROUP BY department_id
			HAVING MAX(salary) = (
						SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						ORDER BY max_sal ASC
						LIMIT 0,1
						)
			);
			
#方式4：
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees e,(
		SELECT department_id,MAX(salary) max_sal
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY department_id
		ORDER BY max_sal ASC
		LIMIT 0,1
		) t_dept_max_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_max_sal.department_id

14.查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary

#方式1：
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = ANY (
			SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE department_id = (
						SELECT department_id
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						HAVING AVG(salary) = (
									SELECT MAX(avg_sal)
									FROM (
										SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
										FROM employees
										GROUP BY department_id
										) t_dept_avg_sal
									)
						)
			);

#方式2：
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = ANY (
			SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE department_id = (
						SELECT department_id
						FROM employees
						GROUP BY department_id
						HAVING AVG(salary) >= ALL (
								SELECT AVG(salary) avg_sal
								FROM employees
								GROUP BY department_id
								)
						)
			);

#方式3：
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
			FROM employees e,(
					SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
					FROM employees
					GROUP BY department_id
					ORDER BY avg_sal DESC
					LIMIT 0,1
					) t_dept_avg_sal
			WHERE e.`department_id` = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
			);

15. 查询部门的部门号，其中不包括job_id是"ST_CLERK"的部门号

#方式1：
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id NOT IN (
			SELECT DISTINCT department_id
			FROM employees
			WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
			);

#方式2：
SELECT department_id
FROM departments d
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e
		WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
		AND e.`job_id` = 'ST_CLERK'
		);

16. 选择所有没有管理者的员工的last_name

SELECT last_name
FROM employees emp
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees mgr
		WHERE emp.`manager_id` = mgr.`employee_id`
		);

17．查询员工号、姓名、雇用时间、工资，其中员工的管理者为 ‘De Haan’

#方式1：
SELECT employee_id,last_name,hire_date,salary
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (
		SELECT employee_id
		FROM employees
		WHERE last_name = 'De Haan'
		);

#方式2：
SELECT employee_id,last_name,hire_date,salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE EXISTS (
		SELECT *
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE e1.`manager_id` = e2.`employee_id`
		AND e2.last_name = 'De Haan'
		);

18.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资（相关子查询）

#方式1：使用相关子查询
SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
		SELECT AVG(salary)
		FROM employees e2
		WHERE department_id = e1.`department_id`
		);

#方式2：在FROM中声明子查询
SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,e.department_id
FROM employees e,(
		SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) avg_sal
		FROM employees
		GROUP BY department_id) t_dept_avg_sal
WHERE e.department_id = t_dept_avg_sal.department_id
AND e.salary > t_dept_avg_sal.avg_sal

19.查询每个部门下的部门人数大于 5 的部门名称（相关子查询）

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE 5 < (
	   SELECT COUNT(*)
	   FROM employees e
	   WHERE d.department_id = e.`department_id`
	  );

20.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于 2 的国家编号（相关子查询）

SELECT * FROM locations;

SELECT country_id
FROM locations l
WHERE 2 < (
	   SELECT COUNT(*)
	   FROM departments d
	   WHERE l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
	 );

子查询的编写技巧（或步骤）：① 从里往外写 ② 从外往里写

如何选择？
① 如果子查询相对较简单，建议从外往里写。一旦子查询结构较复杂，则建议从里往外写
② 如果是相关子查询的话，通常都是从外往里写。

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