Oracle学习笔记摘录1-----create alter insert update select等

 1.create alter insert update select等

如何建表
   学生表student
        create table student( --学生表
           xh number(4), --学号
           xm varchar2(10), --姓名
           sex char(2), --性别
           birthday date, --日期
           sal number(7,2) --奖学金
        );
   班级class
       create table class( --班级表
          classid number(2), --班级编号
          cname varchar2(20) --班级名字
       );
  添加字段(学生所在班级classid)
      alter table student add (classid number(2));
  修改字段的长度
      alter table student modify (xm varchar2(12)) ;
  修改字段的类型(不能有记录的)
      alter table student modify (xh varchar2(5));
  删除一个字段
      alter table student drop column sal;
  删除表
      drop table student;
  表的名字修改
      rename student to stu;
  字段如何改名字
      --先删除
      a)alter table student drop column sal;        
      --再添加
      b)alter table student add (salary number(7,2));

如何插入数据
  插入数据 insert语句
      所有字段都插入
       insert into student values ('A001','张三','男','01-5月-05',10);
            ORACLE中默认的日期格式'DD-MON-YY'   dd 日子(天)  mon 月份 yy 2位的年
             '09-6月-99' 1999年6月9号
            改日期的默认格式
                 alter session set nls_date_format = 'yyyy-mm-dd';
    
       insert into student values ('A002','MIKE','男','1905-05-06',10);

           恢复ORACLE默认格式
               alter session set nls_date_format = 'dd-mon-yy';
           察看日期的格式
               set linesize 1000
               select * from nls_session_parameters
                 where parameter='NLS_DATE_FORMAT';
           永久设置日期格式
               改注册表oracle/HOME0 加字符串NLS_DATE_FORMAT 值yyyy-mm-dd
     部分字段插入
       insert into student(xh,xm,sex) values ('A003','JOHN','女');
     插入空值
       insert into student(xh,xm,sex,birthday) values ('A004','MARTIN','男',null);

  修改  update
      改一个字段 
       update student set sex='女' where xh='A001';
      改多个字段
       update student set sex='男',
                          birthday='1980-04-01'
              where xh='A001';
      改为空值 (修改为空时=null)
       update student set birthday=null where xh='A001';
      把生日为空的人的班级编号改为20(条件中的空是is null / is not null)
          update student set classid=20 where birthday is null;
         错误的没有达到要求
         update student set classid=20
           where birthday=null;
         不表示空值 表示xm是null的字符串        
         update student set classid=20 where xm='null';
 
   
  删除 delete
      delete from student;  删除所有记录,表结构还在,写日志,可以恢复的,速度慢
      drop table student;  删除表的结构和数据
      delete from student where xh='A001';  删除一条记录

      truncate table student; 删除表中的所有记录,表结构还在,不写日志,无法找回删除的记录,速度快

  查询 select   
      select * from student;

      select xh,xm,sex from student;    

      select * from student where xh like 'A%1'; %任意多个字符
      select * from student where xh like 'A__1'; _1个字符
      select * from student where xh like '%A%';             select * from student where xh like 'A%';
select * from student where xh like '%A';                              

      select * from student where xh = 'A%';
                       
  
      select * from student
      order by birthday ;  升序 (order by birthday asc;)
 
      select * from student
      order by birthday desc; --降序
  
      select * from student
      order by birthday desc,xh asc; --按birthday 降序 按xh升序(asc/默认)
                
      select * from student
      where sex='女' or birthday='1999-02-01';

      select * from student
      where sex='女' and birthday='1999-02-01';

      select * from student
       where salary > 20 and xh <> 'B002'; (!=)