实验环境用的是centos,所以这里讨论的都只是在centos上实验过的。
----------------------------包管理基础---------------------
Linux上能见到的各种包管理系统(package management system,PMS),以及用来安装、管理和删除软件用的命令工具。
PMS用一个数据库来记录:Linux系统上都安装了什么软件包、每个包安装了什么文件,每个已经安装软件包的版本。
Linux中广泛使用的主要PMS基础工具是dpkg和rpm。但是每个Linux版本为了方便各自有各自的PMS基础工具。
---------------------------Centos的常用的PMS基础工具--------------------
1、yum list installed:列出已经安装的软件。为了方便查看可以将内容输出到一个文本yum list installed >installed_software.txt
2、yum list softwarename:找到特定softwarename的软件包的详细信息,还可以看出这个包安装了没有。例如:
[root@localhost ~]# yum list python
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Repodata is over 2 weeks old. Install yum-cron? Or run: yum makecache fast
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
已安装的软件包
python.x86_64 2.7.5-48.el7 @anaconda
[root@localhost ~]# yum list mysql
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Repodata is over 2 weeks old. Install yum-cron? Or run: yum makecache fast
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
错误:没有匹配的软件包可以列出
3、yum provides filesname:找出是哪个软件包提供了filesname的文件,例如:
[root@localhost ~]# yum provides python
已加载插件:fastestmirror
Repodata is over 2 weeks old. Install yum-cron? Or run: yum makecache fast
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
python-2.7.5-34.el7.x86_64 : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
源 :base
python-2.7.5-48.el7.x86_64 : An interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
源 :@anaconda
4、yum install package_name:用yum安装软件包.
yum安装是需要有下载源的,默认安装centos后的下载源地址在:baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/。如果是内网的机器,我们就得搭建一一个内网的yum源地址。然后修改配置文件。可以通过命令cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo查看默认的配置。例如:
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# cat CentOS-Base.repo
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
baseurl=http://172.16.79.120/CentOS7/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
enabled=0
#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
如果要修改源的地址,可以按照如下步骤操作:
- 进入yum配置文件目录:cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
- 备份CentOS-Base.repo:mv CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Base.repo.bak
- 下载网易或其他的配置:wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS6-Base-163.repo
- 重命名下载下来的文件:mv CentOS6-Base-163.repo CentOS-Base.repo
- 更新yum:yum update
- 在网上下载需要安装的rpm安装文件,通过工具WinSCP上传到系统
- 输入命令yum localinstall packagename.rpm