Python Shortcuts

1. You want to swap the values of some variables, but you don't want to use a temporary variable

a, b, c = b, c, a

2. You'd like to construct a dictionary without having to quote the keys.

def makedict(**kwargs):
    return kwargs
data = makedict(red=1, green=2, blue=3)
d = dict(red=1, green=2, blue=3)

3. Given two dictionaries, you need to find the set of keys that are in both dictionaries.

some_dict = { 'zope':'zzz', 'python':'rocks' }
another_dict = { 'python':'rocks', 'perl':'} 
print 'Intersects:', [x for x in some_dict if another_dict.has_key(x)] 
print 'Intersects:', filter(another_dict.has_key, some_dict.keys())

性能对比:

print '################################性能测试############################'
import time

def timeo(fun, n=1000):
    start = time.clock()
    for i in range(n):fun()
    stend = time.clock()
    thetime = stend - start
    return fun.__name__, thetime
to500 = {}
for i in range(500):to500[i] = 1
evens = {}
for i in range(0, 1000, 2):evens[i] = 1

def simpleway():
    result = []
    for k in to500.keys():
        if evens.has_key(k):
            result.append(k)
        return result
def pyth22way():
    return [k for k in to500 if k in evens]

def filterway():
    return filter(evens.has_key, to500.keys())
def badsloway():
    result = []
    for k in to500.keys():
        if k in evens.keys():
            result.append(k)
    return result
for f in simpleway, pyth22way, filterway, badsloway:
    print '%s: %.5f' % timeo(f)

################################性能测试############################
simpleway: 0.00663
pyth22way: 0.06336
filterway: 0.03172

badsloway: 5.78203

合并字典键

def union_keys(some_dict, another_dict):
    temp_dict = some_dict.copy()
    temp_dict.update(another_dict)
    return temp_dict

update函数说明:

D.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update D from E and F: for k in E: D
 [k] = E[k]
(if E has keys else: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v) then: for k in F: D[k] = 
 F[k]
4. Using List Comprehensions Instead of map and filter

thenewlist = [x + 23 for x in theoldlist]
thenewlist = [x for x in theoldlist if x > 5]
thenewlist = [x + 23 for x in theoldlist if x > 5]

5. You need an arithmetic progression, just like the built-in function range, but with float values ( range works only on integers).

def myrange(start, end=None, inc=1.0):
    if end == None:
        end = start + 0.0
        start = 0.0
    L = []
    while True:
        next = len(L) * inc + start
        if inc > 0 and next >= end:
            break
        elif inc < 0 and next <= end:
            break
        L.append(next)
    return L
mr = myrange(10.0)
print mr
mr1 = myrange(2, 9)
print mr1