static关键字是C, C++中都存在的关键字, 它主要有三种使用方式, 其中前两种只指在C语言中使用, 第三种在C++中使用(C,C++中具体细微操作不尽相同, 本文以C++为准).
(1)局部静态变量
(2)外部静态变量/函数
(3)静态数据成员/成员函数
下面就这三种使用方式及注意事项分别说明
一、局部静态变量
在C/C++中, 局部变量按照存储形式可分为三种auto, static, register
(<C语言程序设计(第二版)>谭浩强, 第174-175页)
与auto类型(普通)局部变量相比, static局部变量有三点不同
1. 存储空间分配不同
auto类型分配在栈上, 属于动态存储类别, 占动态存储区空间, 函数调用结束后自动释放, 而static分配在静态存储区, 在程序整个运行期间都不释放. 两者之间的作用域相同, 但生存期不同.
2. static局部变量在所处模块在初次运行时进行初始化工作, 且只操作一次
3. 对于局部静态变量, 如果不赋初值, 编译期会自动赋初值0或空字符, 而auto类型的初值是不确定的. (对于C++中的class对象例外, class的对象实例如果不初始化, 则会自动调用默认构造函数, 不管是否是static类型)
特点: static局部变量的”记忆性”与生存期的”全局性”
所谓”记忆性”是指在两次函数调用时, 在第二次调用进入时, 能保持第一次调用退出时的值.
示例程序一
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void staticLocalVar()
{
static int a = 0; // 运行期时初始化一次, 下次再调用时, 不进行初始化工作
cout<<"a="<<a<<endl;
++a;
}
int main()
{
staticLocalVar(); // 第一次调用, 输出a=0
staticLocalVar(); // 第二次调用, 记忆了第一次退出时的值, 输出a=1
return 0;
}
应用:
利用”记忆性”, 记录函数调用的次数(示例程序一)
利用生存期的”全局性”, 改善”return a pointer / reference to a local object”的问题. Local object的问题在于退出函数, 生存期即结束,. 利用static的作用, 延长变量的生存期.
示例程序二:
// IP address to string format
// Used in Ethernet Frame and IP Header analysis
const char * IpToStr(UINT32 IpAddr)
{
static char strBuff[16]; // static局部变量, 用于返回地址有效
const unsigned char *pChIP = (const unsigned char *)&IpAddr;
sprintf(strBuff, "%u.%u.%u.%u", pChIP[0], pChIP[1], pChIP[2], pChIP[3]);
return strBuff;
}
注意事项:
1. “记忆性”, 程序运行很重要的一点就是可重复性, 而static变量的”记忆性”破坏了这种可重复性, 造成不同时刻至运行的结果可能不同.
2. “生存期”全局性和唯一性. 普通的local变量的存储空间分配在stack上, 因此每次调用函数时, 分配的空间都可能不一样, 而static具有全局唯一性的特点, 每次调用时, 都指向同一块内存, 这就造成一个很重要的问题 ---- 不可重入性!!!
这样在多线程程序设计或递归程序设计中, 要特别注意这个问题.
(不可重入性的例子可以参见<effective C++ (2nd)>(影印版)第103-105页)
下面针对示例程序二, 分析在多线程情况下的不安全性.(为方便描述, 标上行号)
① const char * IpToStr(UINT32 IpAddr)
② {
③ static char strBuff[16]; // static局部变量, 用于返回地址有效
④ const unsigned char *pChIP = (const unsigned char *)&IpAddr;
⑤ sprintf(strBuff, "%u.%u.%u.%u", pChIP[0], pChIP[1], pChIP[2], pChIP[3]);
⑥ return strBuff;
⑦ }
假设现在有两个线程A,B运行期间都需要调用IpToStr()函数, 将32位的IP地址转换成点分10进制的字符串形式. 现A先获得执行机会, 执行IpToStr(), 传入的参数是0x0B090A0A, 顺序执行完应该返回的指针存储区内容是:”10.10.9.11”, 现执行到⑥时, 失去执行权, 调度到B线程执行, B线程传入的参数是0xA8A8A8C0, 执行至⑦, 静态存储区的内容是192.168.168.168. 当再调度到A执行时, 从⑥继续执行, 由于strBuff的全局唯一性, 内容已经被B线程冲掉, 此时返回的将是192.168.168.168字符串, 不再是10.10.9.11字符串.
二、外部静态变量/函数
在C中static有了第二种含义:用来表示不能被其它文件访问的全局变量和函数。, 但为了限制全局变量/函数的作用域, 函数或变量前加static使得函数成为静态函数。但此处“static”的含义不是指存储方式,而是指对函数的作用域仅局限于本文件(所以又称内部函数)。注意此时, 对于外部(全局)变量, 不论是否有static限制, 它的存储区域都是在静态存储区, 生存期都是全局的. 此时的static只是起作用域限制作用, 限定作用域在本模块(文件)内部.
使用内部函数的好处是:不同的人编写不同的函数时,不用担心自己定义的函数,是否会与其它文件中的函数同名。
示例程序三:
//file1.cpp
static int varA;
int varB;
extern void funA()
{
……
}
static void funB()
{
……
}
//file2.cpp
extern int varB; // 使用file1.cpp中定义的全局变量
extern int varA; // 错误! varA是static类型, 无法在其他文件中使用
extern vod funA(); // 使用file1.cpp中定义的函数
extern void funB(); // 错误! 无法使用file1.cpp文件中static函数
三、静态数据成员/成员函数(C++特有)
C++重用了这个关键字,并赋予它与前面不同的第三种含义:表示属于一个类而不是属于此类的任何特定对象的变量和函数. 这是与普通成员函数的最大区别, 也是其应用所在, 比如在对某一个类的对象进行计数时, 计数生成多少个类的实例, 就可以用到静态数据成员. 在这里面, static既不是限定作用域的, 也不是扩展生存期的作用, 而是指示变量/函数在此类中的唯一性. 这也是”属于一个类而不是属于此类的任何特定对象的变量和函数”的含义. 因为它是对整个类来说是唯一的, 因此不可能属于某一个实例对象的. (针对静态数据成员而言, 成员函数不管是否是static, 在内存中只有一个副本, 普通成员函数调用时, 需要传入this指针, static成员函数调用时, 没有this指针. )
请看示例程序四(<effective c++ (2nd)>(影印版)第59页)
class EnemyTarget {
public:
EnemyTarget() { ++numTargets; }
EnemyTarget(const EnemyTarget&) { ++numTargets; }
~EnemyTarget() { --numTargets; }
static size_t numberOfTargets() { return numTargets; }
bool destroy(); // returns success of attempt to destroy EnemyTarget object
private:
static size_t numTargets; // object counter
};
// class statics must be defined outside the class;
// initialization is to 0 by default
size_t EnemyTarget::numTargets;
在这个例子中, 静态数据成员numTargets就是用来计数产生的对象个数的.
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另外, 在设计类的多线程操作时, 由于POSIX库下的线程函数pthread_create()要求是全局的, 普通成员函数无法直接做为线程函数, 可以考虑用Static成员函数做线程函数.