shell 小括号的问题

http://www.linuxsir.org/bbs/thread345055.html


shell中的小括号()可以把命令放在子shell中执行，如下：

$var=hello
$(var=hellotest; echo $var)
$hellotest
$echo $var
$hello

说明在子shell中的局部环境变量对父shell不影响

现在运行
$var=hello
$(echo $var) // 子shell只能继承export导出的变量，var=hello是局部变量不会被子shell继承！这里是在子shell中执行的吧？！,下面就不应该显示hello
$hello
$
怎么没有在shell中给var赋值就引用了父shell中的变量了呢？
按照前面的说法：()小括号中的命令在子shell中执行，那么应该是下面才对啊
$var=hello
$(echo $var)
$
$echo $var
$hello

谁解释下，谢谢了


shell确实有很多看似不符合常理的情况，但是manpage里全部交代清楚了！

代码:
Command substitution, commands grouped with parentheses, and asynchro-
nous commands are invoked in a subshell environment that is a duplicate
of the shell environment, except that traps caught by the shell are
reset to the values that the shell inherited from its parent at invoca-
tion. Builtin commands that are invoked as part of a pipeline are also
executed in a subshell environment. Changes made to the subshell envi-
ronment cannot affect the shell's execution environment.shell environment 里到底包括了些什么？往上翻阅manpage！

代码:
The shell has an execution environment, which consists of the follow-
ing:

o open files inherited by the shell at invocation, as modified by
redirections supplied to the exec builtin

o the current working directory as set by cd, pushd, or popd, or
inherited by the shell at invocation

o the file creation mode mask as set by umask or inherited from
the shell's parent

o current traps set by trap

o shell parameters that are set by variable assignment or with set
or inherited from the shell's parent in the environment

o shell functions defined during execution or inherited from the
shell's parent in the environment

o options enabled at invocation (either by default or with com-
mand-line arguments) or by set

o options enabled by shopt

o shell aliases defined with alias

o various process IDs, including those of background jobs, the
value of $$, and the value of $PPID


通过变量赋值的shell参数会成为shell环境的一部分，而通过圆括号创建的子shell所处的环境是父shell环境的一个副本。

也就是说，圆括号创建的子shell，与你直接 bash -c 'do some thing' 创建的子shell环境确实是有些不同的！


(do something) 创建的是子shell；
bash -c 'do something' 创建的也是子shell；
./script.sh 创建的也是子shell；etc。
但是完全复制了父shell环境的就三种情况：
command substitution，命令替换，也就是$(do something)；
commands grouped with parentheses，圆括号中的命令组，也就是(do something)；
asynchronous commands，异步命令，这个我貌似还没遭遇过... XD


知道$$这个shell参数么？扩展为当前shell的进程号。它是shell环境的一部分，但是不会被子进程继承（怎么可能继承？子进程也是进程，也有自己的进程号！）不过如果子shell中该值没有改变，只有一种解释：子shell复制了父shell的环境。

代码:
$ echo $$
2500
$ (echo $$)
2500
$ echo $(echo $$)
2500
$为什么都是2500？

接着再来：

代码:
$ bash -c 'echo $$'
2530
$ bash
$ echo $$
2531
$ exit
$ echo 'echo $$' | bash
2541
$ cat > script.sh
echo $$
$ bash script.sh
2545
$