死海文书

Dead Sea Scrolls Exhibit  

Scrolls from the Dead Sea Exhibition  
From the discovery of the earliest known recorded biblical scrolls and related artifacts in the caves above the Dead Sea, the Dead Sea Scrolls have held an aura of mystery and swirled with controversies. Project Judaica Foundation, in partnership with the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), the Israel government agency in charge of all the archeological digs and artifacts throughout Israel, brought the Dead Sea Scrolls to the public's view with five world-class exhibitions held around the globe including the Vatican.  
The Director of the IAA, the indefatigable General Amir Drori (Ret.) and the Assistant Director, Jacob Fisch, approached this Foundation to determine whether it would be possible to create and display an exhibition of selected fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. Having just completed another amazing exhibition at the Library, "From the Ends of the Earth," the stage was set for this astounding show.  
The Librarian of Congress, Dr. James Billington, was immediately interested in the exhibition of this scope and agreed to exhibit the Dead Sea Scroll fragments. Twelve of the most interesting scroll fragments became the core of the exhibition and were surrounded with related artifacts including jars in which the scrolls were found after being preserved by the low humidity of the region. Tefillim boxes and straps, sandals believed to belong to the scribes, coins from the period, various pottery of the period from the area Written on leather over 2,000 years ago in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic, these scrolls are the earliest known biblical manuscripts. They include portions of all of the five Books of Moses as well as the writings by the Essenes sect.  
The IAA's rich materials were complimented by special pieces from the Library of Congress' vast holding from the Hebraic, Map, and other collections. The Library's world-class in-house staff of conservators, curators and scholars became deeply engaged in applying their skills to choose the items from their divisions. The Library's additions included one of the few extant Gutenberg bibles and some of the earliest known maps which oriented the public to the sites and the region. The maps also gave insight into the views of the early pioneering cartographers of the Fifteenth Century and how they perceived the lands and events of the Biblical era.  
Early incunabula (the earliest known printed books) and their later mechanically printed books along with the various commentaries through the centuries all keyed to the passages from the scroll fragments on display. These included early writings of Pliny, Philo and Josephus among others allowing comparisons of texts as well as historical contexts.  
Each venue faced the very difficult issue of lighting the exhibit without endangering the highly sensitive scroll fragments which could be damaged irrevocably by exposure to bright light. The skilled staff at the Library of Congress created a low intensity lighting system which was activated only when a visitor stood before the scroll fragment case automatically switching off as the visitor moved away.  
The design staff, augmented by a talented consultant, recreated the feelings of the period with wall coverings emulating the stone of the caves above the Dead Sea and the pink stones of Jerusalem making the setting truly unforgettable. Visitors were dazzled by being able to actually see and read the 2,000 year old texts which so many knew from present-day study of their own bibles by all faiths. Large color photographs within the exhibition made visitors feel as if they were actually entering the very area of the caves at Qumran. 
To help visitors who wanted to learn the complexities of the story of the scrolls meanings, an audio guide was presented for use thus making the entire exhibition totally visitor friendly regardless of level of knowledge. 
This exhibition had the largest attendance of any exhibition in over the 215 year history of the Library of Congress. The crowds had to be controlled by time-stamped tickets which still resulted in long lines sometime two to three long blocks long. 
This opening coincided with the opening of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in April, 1993. As a consequence, many heads of state including the President and Foreign Minister of Israel along with twenty other heads of state toured the exhibition along with the staffs and members of both the House of Representatives and Senate, Supreme Court and Executive Branch lead by the White House. 
Since this exhibit elicited such support from donors and great public interest, arrangements were then made to travel the fragments to the New York Public Library where equal interest resulted. The San Francisco de Young Fine Arts Museum was the third venue where extensive collateral public programming was developed for school children, bible study groups and the general public. Time tickets were implemented as well to manage the huge response from the public. 
In the meanwhile, Jacob Fisch, of the IAA, quietly began discussions with Father Leonard Boyle, the Director of the Vatican Library to determine interest in displaying the fragments at the Sistine Gallery (Salone Sistine) at the Vatican. On the June 30, 1994, with great and dignified ceremony, Secretary of State of the Vatican, Cardinal Sodano, presiding, the exhibition of Scrolls from the Dead Sea was opened for the public. There were 18 cardinals and 28 ranking archbishops present. Jacob Fisch, Mark Talisman, President of Project Judaica and Mrs. Barbro Osher of San Francisco, CA spoke after the Secretary of State and Father Boyle. 
Mr. Talisman presented the highly regarded and valued facsimile of the Washington Haggadah to the Secretary of State of the Vatican and Father Leonard Boyle to be placed in the Vatican Library. 
The timing of this exhibition of the Dead Sea Scrolls was carefully planned to coincide with the arrival of the very first Ambassador from Israel to the Vatican which happily allowed both sides to celebrate through this ground-breaking exhibition. Displayed adjacent to the Sistine Chapel, eighteen thousand visitors a day saw the Vatican exhibition of the Dead Sea Scrolls! 
Finally, upon leaving the Vatican, the Scroll fragments returned to the Israel Museum along with the various objects added to the exhibit by the Vatican Museum including early Torah scrolls over a thousand years old, and many other texts and illustrations and maps. This special exhibit augmented the Shrine of the Book Isaiah exhibit for several months at the Israel Museum for the large and enthusiastic public in Israel. 
This exhibition would have not been possible without the generosity and abiding moral support of Bernard and Barbro Osher and the Osher Foundation of San Francisco. Phyllis Cook, Director of the San Francisco Jewish Federation Endowment was the person most responsible to provide encouragement when no other options appeared to be available. A special thank you for Jacob Fisch unquenchable thirst for creative and exciting opportunities to bring Israel rich archaeological collections to the public's view

死海文书 

1947年,一个牧童在死海西北端约旦河谷的克兰地区洞穴的大瓮中发现大量羊皮古代文书,后来引发一些调查队去调查寻找,找到了更多的资料.考古学家进行大规模的挖掘和搜索,一共获得古卷六百余卷及成千上万的文物残片,以放射性同位素测得其年代于公元前167至233年之间,是世界现存的最古老的<<圣经>>抄本. 
<<死海文书>>全古卷卷帙浩繁,共用希伯来文、亚兰文、希腊文、拉丁文四种文字写成,内容可分为两大部分.第一部分是希伯来的<<圣经>>、<<次经>>、<<伪经>>的抄本,第二部分是犹太教的激进禁欲主义教派——亚森尼派的一个"克兰教团"的教规,可分为<<训导手册>>、<<圣经注释卷>>、<<战争卷>>、<<感恩卷>>、<<圣殿卷>>五部分.它的内容与圣经有部分相异,还有很后来才放入的文献和一些像是"理论"的文献.除了现今可以对照确定的部分外,到底是当时的恶作剧或是某教派教徒的著作,难以确定.基督教矢口否认克兰教团和基督教有任何牵连,不过也有传说该教团是耶稣的表兄(施洗者)约翰所主持的,甚或是耶稣自己创立的,或者是耶稣的敌对者等等. 
以色列史所认定的祖先是亚伯拉罕.亚伯拉罕极得神的眷爱,可是神许诺给他儿子的事情却一直未见兑现,于是亚伯拉罕和婢女生下一子以斯马利.后来亚伯拉罕的元配夫人(亚伯拉罕的异母妹妹)终于受孕,产下一子以扫,于是以斯马利和其母被驱逐出门.天使(可能是米迦勒)照顾他们不致饿死旷野,后来以斯马利成了阿拉伯人的祖先.以扫的次子雅各生性狡猾,被其兄憎恨而逃奔母舅家,途中在旷野与天使(拉菲尔)摔角获胜,自此改名为以色列(因他与人与神角力都获胜).从雅各起,以色列家渐渐的茁壮,在巴勒斯坦的迦南地方成为一望族.后来由于饥荒之故,举族迁入埃及. 
在埃及,以色列族日益庞大,终于引致埃及人的嫉恨和奴役.在摩西率领之下,以色列全族四十万人离开埃及回到巴勒斯坦建国.十二支族建成十二邦国,直至扫罗时代才成为统一王国.这王国仅仅经历扫罗、大卫和所罗门三任国王的统治即于纪元前10世纪分裂,南国以犹太族为首故称犹太国,北国仍称以色列国.200年后,北国被亚述所灭,接着南国于100年后被巴比伦所灭,精英分子多被虏至这两国.以色列人的流亡史宣告开始.在以色列人流亡的过程中,<<圣经>>的各部分以口头形式保存和演变.旧约经书和犹太传说受到了许多异族文化和传说的影响. 
在罗马统治下的巴勒斯坦,耶稣于公元前4年诞生(据说当初教会是要把耶稣诞生的那一年定为公元元年,但是算错了四年,以后只好将错就错了).身为犹太人,耶稣打破了许多犹太教传统,于是被犹太教领袖们绑赴罗马总督府要求处死.后来耶稣的门徒们遍行各地传教,在极艰苦的压迫之下日益茁壮,直到被罗马帝国接纳为国教. 
现代的基督教就是从希伯来人信仰的犹太教演变而来,而当时同时产生的伊斯兰教则和基督教相互影响.基督教早期是一元神论,如旧约<<以赛亚书>>所记:"我创造了光,也创造了暗.我创造和平,也创造灾祸."意即神兼具宇宙的好与坏,善与恶俱出自神.后来吸收了波斯袄教(Zoroastrism)的宇宙二元观,才将世上的恶加在堕天的魔王撒旦头上.基督教到达了成功的顶点之际,也开始了彻底的腐化.罗马帝国崩溃后,罗马教廷成了欧洲唯一的大型政治势力,压迫、搜括、欺骗黎民无所不为,最后导致了近代的宗教革命. 
宗教革命后产生的新基督教派统称新教(抗议宗),现存的主要势力有浸信会、长老会、路德会和英国国教等.旧教则包括罗马教廷辖下的教会(天主教)和以君士坦丁堡为根据地、盛行东欧、俄罗斯的东正教.不过新教旧教都是广义的基督教. 
格诺西斯主义(Gnosticism)是在基督教崛起时于地中海沿岸萌芽的宗教思想,主张宇宙是善与恶、光与暗两大势力的战场.有不少宗教教派广义上来说都是格诺西斯主义的,甚至包括摩尼教(Manicheism)的前身拜火教(Zoroastrianism). 
但是狭义的格诺西斯主义不然,其教义激进大胆,倡言现世是恶魔(或邪神)所造,俗世之所以充斥着无尽的不公不义和苦难就是这个原因.因此,为了彻底否定创造神(恶魔)的成就,狭义格诺西斯主义走上了绝对的禁欲主义,以破坏恶魔的"秩序",格诺西斯(Gnosis)是至高神,在希腊语中原意为"为拯救人类而授予的知识".只有认识了至高神的存在才能获得救赎.为此信徒必须努力发觉封印于内心的"光"(与至高神合一的圣灵),与至高神相通之后才能达到创世恶魔.除了摩尼教(公元三世纪在伊朗创立,拜火教、基督教和佛教的综合体)外,和它近似的亚森尼派算是信奉这一类思想的教派. 
摩尼教圣典中的<<巨人之书>>中,有着不同于<<旧约创世纪>>的大洪水的记载:二百名被称为"古利格利"[Grigori,神之子,意思是"看守者"(Watchers)、"睁目观看者"、"不眠者"等,有如希腊神话中的百眼巨人]的天使见神所造的人类女子美貌,便与之交合、产下了邪恶狂乱的巨人族(Nephilim).愤怒的神便指示诺亚造好方舟逃命,然后以大洪水消灭了地上的万物,并将古利格利打入天牢. 
<<以诺书>>就是由<<以诺预言>>和<<巨人之书>>组成,而<<死海文书>>由包括了<<以诺书>>和<<旧约圣经>>的一部分组成.

中文译本： 
权威的古犹太礼法： 
直到第8日的日落时分，我们认为每个人的尸体都是不洁的。 
不管尸体还有没有肉，它都必须被认作已经追随了死亡或凶手的法律。 
已构成婚姻的人们，他们都是圣种之子，这样，上帝的选民（译者注：即犹太人）是神圣的。 
上帝选民的圣洁的动物，不能让它们与其他种类交配。上帝选民的衣物，不能让它与其他材料交织。上帝选民的土地和葡萄园，不能播种其他的东西。 
因为上帝选民是神圣的，他是最神圣的亚伦之子（译者注：亚伦，摩西之兄，犹太教第一祭司长）。 
但你知道一些僧侣与俗人结合，他们互相附着，僧侣和腐坏的女人在一起，亵渎了僧侣神圣的种子。直到亚伦的儿子门必须（译者注：经文卷轴至此破残） 
《死海文书》中英文全文对照（历法卷轴）

中文译本： 
在7月12日Jedaiah降临的第一日 
在8月25日Abiah降临的第二日 
Duqah是8月12日Miyamin降临之周的第三日 
在9月24诶Jaqim降临之周的第三日 
Duquh是9月11日Shekania降临之周的第四日 
在10月23日Immer降临之周的第五日 
Duqah是11月9日Shbeab降临之周的第六日 
在11月22日Hehezkel降临的第六日 
Duqah是11月9日Peahah降临之周的安息日 
在12月22日Joiarib降临之周的第一日 
Duqah是12月9日Delaiah降临之周的第二日 
转出第二年：第一个月，在1月20日Malakiah降临之周的第二日 
Duqah是1月7日Harim降临之周的第三日 
在2月20日Jeshua降临之周的第四日 
Duqah是2月7日Haqqos降临之周的第五日 
在3月19日Huppah降临之周的第五日 
Duqah是（译者注：卷轴破残）Happisses降临之周的第六日 
（译者注：历法卷轴至此破残）