1. 主从简介
在现代企业中，数据显得尤为重要，而存储数据的数据库选择又五花八门，但无论是何种数据库，均存在着一种隐患。
想几个问题：
- 用一台数据库存放数据，若此数据库服务器宕机了导致数据丢失怎么办？
- 业务量大了，数据多了，访问的人多了，一台数据库无法保证服务质量了怎么办？
1.1 主从作用
- 实时灾备，用于故障切换
- 读写分离，提供查询服务
- 备份，避免影响业务
1.2 主从形式
- 一主一从
- 主主复制
- 一主多从---扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
- 多主一从---5.7开始支持
- 联级复制
2. 主从复制原理
主从复制步骤：
- 主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
- 从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程
- I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log（中继日志） 文件中
- SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的
3. 主从复制配置
主从复制配置步骤：
- 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
- 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
- 配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
- 配置从数据库（修改配置文件）
需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作
环境说明：
| 数据库角色 | IP | 应用与系统版本 | 有无数据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主数据库 | 172.16.12.128 | centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7 | 有数据 |
| 从数据库 | 172.16.12.129 | centos8/redhat8 mysql-5.7 | 无数据 |
mysql主从配置
确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
#开启新终端进入mysql给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.14 sec)
全备
[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p'runtime123!' --all-databases > all-$(date '+%Y%m%d%H%M%S').sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# ls
all-20220702052259.sql initial-setup-ks.cfg anaconda-ks.cfg
#将数据库从主库传到从库
[root@localhost ~]# scp all-20220702052259.sql 10.10.10.135/root/
all-20220702052259.sql
#从库主机
[root@localhost ~]# ls
all-20220702052259.sql anaconda-ks.cfg initial-setup-ks.cfg
#讲数据库恢复
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'runtime123!' < all-20220702052259.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'runtime123!' -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
mysql> create user 'repl'@'10.10.10.135' inentified by 'repl123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.27 sec)
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'10.10.10.135';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
配置主数据库
配置主数据库my.cnf文件
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
server-id=10 //此处需要小于从库
log-bin=mysql_bin
root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service //重启mysql
查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
配置从数据库
配置从数据库my.cnf文件
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
server-id=20
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin //此处为中继日志
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart mysqld.service
配置并启动主从复制
#连接到从库
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'runtime123!'
mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO
-> MASTER_HOST= '10.10.10.135', //主库的ip
-> MASTER_USER='repl', //配置授权的用户和密码
-> MASTER_PASSWORD='repl123',
-> MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql_bin.000001', //主库show master status查看的内容
-> MASTER_LOG_POS=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)
mysql> start slave; //启动主从
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Connecting to master
Master_Host: 10.10.10.135
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000001
Relay_Log_Pos: 4
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Connecting //此处需要为yes才能生效
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes //此处需要为yes才能生效
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_Space: 154
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: NULL
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 2003
Last_IO_Error: error connecting to master 'repl@10.10.10.135:3306' - retry-time: 60 retries: 1
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 0
Master_UUID:
Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
Master_Retry_Count: 86400
Master_Bind:
Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 220702 15：03：05
Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
Executed_Gtid_Set:
Auto_Position: 0
Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
Channel_Name:
Master_TLS_Version:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#关闭防火墙
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld.service
Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/firewalld.service.
Removed /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Sat 2022-07-02 11:08:47 EDT; 2h 52min ago
Docs: man:firewalld(1)
Process: 1061 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid $FIREWALLD_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 1061 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
#再次生效并查看
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.220.5
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
Relay_Log_Pos: 320
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes //此时已经生效了
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_Space: 527
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 10
Master_UUID: 4c6c9441-f9ae-11ec-8757-000c2996f1b8
Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
Master_Retry_Count: 86400
Master_Bind:
Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
Executed_Gtid_Set:
Auto_Position: 0
Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
Channel_Name:
Master_TLS_Version:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
测试验证
在主库创建一个kk数据库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.26 sec)
mysql> create database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.12 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
| kk |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'runtime123!' -e 'show databases;'
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
| kk |
+--------------------+
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