手把手教你10分钟入门微服务开发

浪飞yes

已于 2022-12-05 14:42:03 修改

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分类专栏： SpringCloud Alibaba极简入门文章标签：微服务 java 架构 springcloud

于 2022-10-20 11:06:15 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/langfeiyes/article/details/127420795

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大体了解微服务概念之后，接下里使用一个简单案例，让你10分钟入门微服务开发。

开始前的说明

1>简单说明

为了方便讲解SpringCloud课程，我们以电商项目2个核心模块：商品模块、订单模块为例子，一一讲解SpringCloud组件的使用。

学习SpringCloud组件要诀：不求甚解

1>能解决啥问题

2>怎么解决(理解原理)

3>API调用(代码怎么写)--建议写3遍--【1遍抄全，2遍思考，3遍掌握】

4>总结，开口表述

5>类比传统的代码结构

2>服务拆分

微服务核心：将完整项目按功能分类拆分成n个子项目/子模块，这些子模块能对外提供对应的功能。我们称这些服务为微服务

落地到代码：单看子项目，每个子项目就是一个完整项目(springmvc项目)----记住没啥高大上的（战略上藐视，战术上重视）

商品微服务

对外提供查询商品列表接口
对外提供查询某个商品信息接口

订单微服务

对外提供创建订单接口

3>服务提供者与调用者

以下单为例子：客户向订单微服务发起一个下单的请求，在进行保存订单之前需要调用商品微服务查询商品的信息。

一般把调用方称为服务消费者，把被调用方称为服务提供者。

上例中，订单微服务就是服务消费者，而商品微服务是服务提供者。

技术选型

持久层: MyBatis-Plus

数据库: MySQL5.7

其他: SpringCloud Alibaba 技术栈，SpringCloud Hoxton.SR8

注意：往下学习前，希望你有mysql，mybatis，maven，java基础，原因：接下来的学习要用到

项目结构模块

需求：使用微服务方式实现用户下单

分析：根据微服务规则，拆分成商品服务，订单服务。

--- shop-parent 父工程

--- shop-product-api 商品微服务api 【存放商品实体】

--- shop-product-server 商品微服务【端口:808x】

--- shop-order-api 订单微服务api 【存放订单实体】

--- shop-order-server 订单微服务【端口:809x】

shop-product-server：子项目-商品微服务，对外提供查询商品信息的接口

shop-order-server：子项目-订单微服务，对外提供创建订单的接口

shop-product-api / shop-order-api : 各自微服务依赖的实体类，为啥要拆开？答案是：解耦

构建微服务项目

创建父工程

创建shop-parent一个maven工程，目的用于管理项目最核心的依赖

1>创建maven项目shop-parent

2>在项目pom.xml文件中导入下面的依赖

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <groupId>com.langfeiyes</groupId>
    <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>
    <!--父工程-->
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>2.3.2.RELEASE</version>
    </parent>
    <!--依赖版本的锁定-->
    <properties>
        <java.version>1.8</java.version>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <spring-cloud.version>Hoxton.SR8</spring-cloud.version>
        <spring-cloud-alibaba.version>2.2.3.RELEASE</spring-cloud-alibaba.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alibaba.cloud</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-cloud-alibaba-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-cloud-alibaba.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
</project>

创建商品微服务

创建shop-product-api项目，存放商品的实体类

0>建成之后代码结构

1>选择shop-parent，创建其子项目：shop-product-api

2>在项目pom.xml文件导入依赖

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.langfeiyes</groupId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>shop-product-api</artifactId>
     <!--依赖-->
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.baomidou</groupId>
            <artifactId>mybatis-plus-boot-starter</artifactId>
            <version>3.4.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

3>创建实体类

//商品
@Getter
@Setter
@ToString
@TableName("t_product")
public class Product implements Serializable {
    @TableId(type= IdType.AUTO)
    private Long id;//主键
    private String pname;//商品名称
    private Double pprice;//商品价格
    private Integer stock;//库存
}

4>创建shop-product-server项目

5>在shop-product-server项目pom.xml文件中导入xml依赖

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.langfeiyes</groupId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>shop-product-server</artifactId>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.56</version>
        </dependency>
        <!--需要将api引入-->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.langfeiyes</groupId>
            <artifactId>shop-product-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.0.0</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

6>在shop-product-server项目resources文件夹创建application.yml文件

server:
  port: 8081
spring:
  application:
    name: product-service
  datasource:
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
    url: jdbc:mysql:///shop-product?serverTimezone=UTC&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=true
    username: root
    password: admin

7>在数据库中创建shop-order的数据库

CREATE TABLE `t_product` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键',
  `name` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '商品名称',
  `price` double(10,2) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '商品价格',
  `stock` int DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '库存',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb3;

INSERT INTO t_product VALUE(NULL,'小米','1000','5000'); 
INSERT INTO t_product VALUE(NULL,'华为','2000','5000'); 
INSERT INTO t_product VALUE(NULL,'苹果','3000','5000'); 
INSERT INTO t_product VALUE(NULL,'OPPO','4000','5000');

8>创建ProductMapper

package com.langfeiyes.mapper;

import com.langfeiyes.domain.Product;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.mapper.BaseMapper;

public interface ProductMapper extends BaseMapper<Product> {
}

9>创建ProductService接口和实现类

package com.langfeiyes.service;

import com.langfeiyes.domain.Product;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.IService;

public interface IProductService extends IService<Product> {
}

package com.langfeiyes.service.impl;

import com.langfeiyes.domain.Product;
import com.langfeiyes.mapper.ProductMapper;
import com.langfeiyes.service.IProductService;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.impl.ServiceImpl;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class ProductServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<ProductMapper, Product> implements IProductService {
}

10>创建Controller

package com.langfeiyes.controller;
@RestController
@Slf4j
public class ProductController {
    @Autowired
    private ProductService productService;
    //商品信息查询
    @RequestMapping("/product/{pid}")
    public Product findByPid(@PathVariable("pid") Long pid) {
        log.info("接下来要进行{}号商品信息的查询", pid);
        Product product = productService.findByPid(pid);
        log.info("商品信息查询成功,内容为{}", JSON.toJSONString(product));
        return product;
    }
}

11>编写启动类ProductServer.java

package com.langfeiyes;

import org.mybatis.spring.annotation.MapperScan;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
@MapperScan("com.langfeiyes.mapper")
public class ProductServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(ProductServer.class,args);
    }
}

10.通过浏览器访问服务

创建订单微服务

创建订单服务跟商品服务一样，就省略相同结构

0>建成之后项目结构

1>创建shop-order-api项目，然后在pom.xml文件中添加下面内容

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.langfeiyes</groupId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>shop-order-api</artifactId>
 	<!--依赖-->
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.baomidou</groupId>
            <artifactId>mybatis-plus-boot-starter</artifactId>
            <version>3.4.0</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

2>创建实体类

package com.langfeiyes.domain;

import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.IdType;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableId;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;

import java.io.Serializable;

//订单
@Getter
@Setter
@ToString
@TableName("t_order")
public class Order implements Serializable {

    @TableId(type = IdType.AUTO)
    private Long id;//订单id
    //用户
    private Long uid;//用户id
    private String username;//用户名
    //商品
    private Long pid;//商品id
    private String productName;//商品名称
    private Double productPrice;//商品单价
    //数量
    private Integer number;//购买数量
}

3>创建shop-order-server项目，然后在pom.xml文件中添加下面内容

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <parent>
        <artifactId>shop-parent</artifactId>
        <groupId>com.langfeiyes</groupId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
    </parent>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <artifactId>shop-order-server</artifactId>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
            <artifactId>fastjson</artifactId>
            <version>1.2.56</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.langfeiyes</groupId>
            <artifactId>shop-order-api</artifactId>
            <version>1.0.0</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</project>

4>编写配置文件application.yml

server:
  port: 8091
spring:
  application:
    name: order-service
  datasource:
    driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
    url: jdbc:mysql:///shop-order?serverTimezone=UTC&useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8&useSSL=true
    username: root
    password: admin

5>在数据库中创建shop-order的数据库并创建t_order表

CREATE TABLE `t_order` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '主键',
  `uid` bigint DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '用户id',
  `username` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '用户名称',
  `pid` bigint DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '商品id',
  `product_name` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '商品名称',
  `product_price` double(255,0) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '商品单价',
  `number` int DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '购买数量',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb3;

6>创建OrderMapper

package com.langfeiyes.mapper;

import com.langfeiyes.domain.Order;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.mapper.BaseMapper;

public interface OrderMapper extends BaseMapper<Order> {
}

7>创建OrderService接口和实现类

package com.langfeiyes.service;

import com.langfeiyes.domain.Order;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.IService;

public interface IOrderService  extends IService<Order> {
}

package com.langfeiyes.service.impl;

import com.langfeiyes.domain.Order;
import com.langfeiyes.mapper.OrderMapper;
import com.langfeiyes.service.IOrderService;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.impl.ServiceImpl;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class OrderServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<OrderMapper, Order> implements IOrderService {
}

8>创建Controller

@RestController
@RequestMapping("orders")
public class OrderController {
    @Autowired
    private IOrderService orderService;
    @GetMapping("/save")  //测试方便使用Get方式
    public Order order(Long pid, Long uid){
        return orderService.createOrder(pid, uid);
    }
}

9>编写启动类OrderServer.java

package com.langfeiyes;

import org.mybatis.spring.annotation.MapperScan;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
@MapperScan("com.langfeiyes.mapper")
public class OrderServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(OrderServer.class,args);
    }
}

订单服务远程调用

需求：定义createOrder方法，实现用户下订单

在shop-order-server项目的IOrderService 接口定义createOrder方法

public interface IOrderService  extends IService<Order> {
    /**
     * 创建订单
     * @param pid
     * @param uid
     * @return
     */
    Order createOrder(Long pid, Long uid);
}

OrderServiceImpl 实现类实现IOrderService 接口方法

@Service
public class OrderServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<OrderMapper, Order> implements IOrderService {
    @Override
    public Order createOrder(Long pid, Long uid) {
        Order order = new Order();
        //商品？？
        Product product = null;
        order.setPid(pid);
        order.setProductName(product.getName());
        order.setProductPrice(product.getPrice());

        //用户
        order.setUid(1L);
        order.setUsername("dafei");
        order.setNumber(1);
        super.save(order);
        return order;
    }
}

此时存在一个问题，Order-server服务创建订单操作需要配置商品信息，此时怎么办？

思考，谁能提供商品信息查询逻辑呢？答案：product-server，问题来了，怎么调用？这里引入一个新问题：服务与服务间如何调用(交互)？

问题来了，怎么用java代码调用发起http接口调用嗯？？答案是：RestTemplate

RestTempate 是SpringMVC提供专门用于访问http请求的工具类

1.在shop-order-server项目启动类上添加RestTemplate的bean配置

@SpringBootApplication
@MapperScan("com.langfeiyes.mapper")
public class OrderServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(OrderServer.class,args);
    }

    @Bean
    public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
        return new RestTemplate();
    }
}

2.在OrderServiceImpl中注入RestTemplate并实现远程调用

@Service
public class OrderServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<OrderMapper, Order> implements IOrderService {

    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    @Override
    public Order createOrder(Long pid, Long uid) {
        Order order = new Order();
        //商品
        //方案1：通过restTemplate方式
        String url  = "http://localhost:8081/products/" + pid;
        Product product = restTemplate.getForObject(url, Product.class);

        order.setPid(pid);
        order.setProductName(product.getName());
        order.setProductPrice(product.getPrice());

        //用户
        order.setUid(1L);
        order.setUsername("dafei");
        order.setNumber(1);
        System.out.println(order);
        super.save(order);
        return order;
    }
}

3>启动OrderServer服务器，访问： http://localhost:8091/orders/save?pid=1&uid=1

实现订单添加。