【MySQL基础】一文总结MySQL必须掌握的常用命令

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已于 2024-04-23 14:24:20 修改

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/laodanqiu/article/details/131563200

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文章目录

基础命令

基础命令

MYSQL注释方式

-- 单行注释

/*
多行注释
哈哈哈哈哈
哈哈哈哈
*/

连接数据库

mysql -u root -p12345678

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退出数据库连接

使用exit;命令可以退出连接

在这里插入图片描述

查询MYSQL版本

mysql> select version();
+-----------+
| version() |
+-----------+
| 8.0.27    |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

查看所有数据库

show databases;

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使用数据库

如果想要操作数据库，需要使用use 数据库名;来选择要操作的数据库

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查看所选择数据库的所有表

show tables;

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查看表的具体信息

使用describe 表名;可以查看表中的字段信息

mysql> describe user;
+--------------+---------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Field        | Type          | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                                         |
+--------------+---------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| id           | bigint        | NO   | PRI | NULL              | auto_increment                                |
| userName     | varchar(256)  | YES  |     | NULL              |                                               |
| userAccount  | varchar(256)  | NO   | UNI | NULL              |                                               |
| userAvatar   | varchar(1024) | YES  |     | NULL              |                                               |
| gender       | tinyint       | YES  |     | NULL              |                                               |
| userRole     | varchar(256)  | NO   |     | user              |                                               |
| userPassword | varchar(512)  | NO   |     | NULL              |                                               |
| accessKey    | varchar(512)  | YES  |     | NULL              |                                               |
| secretKey    | varchar(512)  | YES  |     | NULL              |                                               |
| createTime   | datetime      | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | DEFAULT_GENERATED                             |
| updateTime   | datetime      | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | DEFAULT_GENERATED on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
| isDelete     | tinyint       | NO   |     | 0                 |                                               |
+--------------+---------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

创建数据库

create database [if not exists] 数据库名称 character set 字符编码;
mysql> create database practice character set utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

-- 已存在的数据库不能重复创建，不然会报错
mysql> create database practice character set utf8;
ERROR 1007 (HY000): Can't create database 'practice'; database exists

-- 使用if not exists，可以判断数据库不存在的时候才创建数据库，这样就不会报错
mysql> create database if not exists practice character set utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

如果数据库名字有短横杆，用``包住，不然可能会报错

create database `second-hand-market` character set utf8mb4;

查看创建数据库的语句

mysql> show create database practice;
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database                                                                                      |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| practice | CREATE DATABASE `practice` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ /*!80016 DEFAULT ENCRYPTION='N' */ |
+----------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

修改用户密码

在这里插入图片描述

数据表管理

创建数据表

如：

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `student` ( 
    `id` BIGINT NOT NULL auto_increment COMMENT '学号' PRIMARY KEY, 
    `name` VARCHAR ( 30 ) NOT NULL DEFAULT '匿名' COMMENT '姓名'
) COMMENT '学生表'

查看创建数据表的语句

mysql> use practice;
Database changed
mysql> show create table student;
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| Table   | Create Table
                                                                                                                       |+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+| student | CREATE TABLE `student` (
  `id` bigint NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '学号',
  `name` varchar(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '匿名' COMMENT '姓名',
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb3 COMMENT='学生表'          |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

查看表的结构

mysql> desc student;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

修改表名

alter table 旧表名 rename as 新表名;

mysql> alter table student rename as teacher;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

删除表

drop table if exists 表名;

mysql> show tables;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_practice |
+--------------------+
| teacher            |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop table if exists teacher;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

数据表字段管理

给指定表增加字段

alter table 表名 add 字段名列属性;

mysql> alter table teacher add gender bigint;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc teacher;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id     | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name   | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
| gender | bigint      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table teacher add age int(11);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 1

mysql> desc teacher;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id     | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name   | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
| gender | bigint      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age    | int         | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

修改指定表的字段

修改列属性

alter table 表名 modify 字段名列属性;

mysql> alter table teacher modify age varchar(11);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc teacher;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id     | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name   | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
| gender | bigint      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age    | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

同时修改字段名和字段属性

alter table 表名 change 旧字段名新字段名列属性;

mysql> desc teacher;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id     | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name   | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
| gender | bigint      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age    | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table teacher change age age1 int(2);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.07 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 1

mysql> desc teacher;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id     | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name   | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
| gender | bigint      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age1   | int         | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

删除指定表的字段

mysql> desc teacher;
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id     | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name   | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
| gender | bigint      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age1   | int         | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> alter table teacher drop gender;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc teacher;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
| age1  | int         | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

给表添加外键

创建表的时候增加外键

-- 创建专业表
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `major` (
    `id` BIGINT NOT NULL auto_increment COMMENT '专业id' PRIMARY KEY,
    `name` VARCHAR ( 30 ) NOT NULL COMMENT '专业名称'
) COMMENT '专业表'

-- 创建学生表，并将学生表的major_id声明为外键，引用专业表的id字段
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `student` (
    `id` BIGINT NOT NULL auto_increment COMMENT '学号' PRIMARY KEY,
    `name` VARCHAR ( 30 ) NOT NULL DEFAULT '匿名' COMMENT '姓名',
    `major_id` BIGINT NOT NULL COMMENT '专业id',
    key `FK_majorId` (`major_id`),
    CONSTRAINT `FK_majorId` FOREIGN KEY (`major_id`) REFERENCES `major`(`id`)
) COMMENT '学生表'

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给已有表添加外键

ALTER TABLE 表名 ADD CONSTRAINT 约束名 FOREIGN KEY(作为外键的列的字段名) REFERENCES 引用哪个表(哪个字段)

【案例】

ALTER TABLE `student` ADD CONSTRAINT `FK_majorId` FOREIGN KEY(`major_id`) REFERENCES `major`(`id`);

外键使用建议

当使用了外键时，如果需要删除被引用表的记录，需要先删除引用表的记录。如上面的例子所示，如果需要删除一个专业，需要先删除这个专业所对应的学生。

建议：使用外键约束会让开发者很痛苦，测试数据不方便，建议不使用外键

数据插入语句 INSERT

数据插入

insert into `表名` (`字段名1`,`字段名2`) values('字段值1','字段值2');

一次性插入多条数据

insert into `表名` (`字段名1`,`字段名2`) values('字段值11','字段值12'),('字段值21','字段值22'),('字段值31','字段值32');

案例

mysql> desc student;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name     | varchar(30) | NO   |     | 匿名    |                |
| major_id | bigint      | NO   | MUL | NULL    |                |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc major;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(30) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

--  insert into `表名` (`字段名`) values('字段值');
mysql> insert into `major` (`name`) values('计算机科学');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert into `major` (`name`) values('工业工程');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from major;
+----+-----------------+
| id | name            |
+----+-----------------+
|  1 | 计算机科学      |
|  2 | 工业工程        |
+----+-----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 插入多条数据
mysql> insert into `major` (`name`) values('自动化'),('机械工程'),('工业设计');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from major;
+----+-----------------+
| id | name            |
+----+-----------------+
|  1 | 计算机科学      |
|  2 | 工业工程        |
|  3 | 自动化          |
|  4 | 机械工程        |
|  5 | 工业设计        |
+----+-----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into `student` (`name`,`major_id`) values('小明','1');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+----------+
| id | name   | major_id |
+----+--------+----------+
|  1 | 小明   |        1 |
+----+--------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

-- 插入数据的时候，不一定要给表的所有字段赋值，只赋值部分字段也可以，前提是省略的字段可以为空
mysql> insert into `student` (`major_id`) values('1');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
-- 插入数据的时候，没有写入学生的名字，MYSQL会自动填入默认值“匿名”
mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+----------+
| id | name   | major_id |
+----+--------+----------+
|  1 | 小明   |        1 |
|  2 | 匿名   |        1 |
+----+--------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

数据更新语句 UPDATE

没有指定匹配条件的话，会所有表的所有记录

mysql> select * from major;
+----+-----------------+
| id | name            |
+----+-----------------+
|  1 | 计算机科学      |
|  2 | 工业工程        |
|  3 | 自动化          |
|  4 | 机械工程        |
|  5 | 工业设计        |
+----+-----------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update major set name='智能制造';
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 5  Changed: 5  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from major;
+----+--------------+
| id | name         |
+----+--------------+
|  1 | 智能制造     |
|  2 | 智能制造     |
|  3 | 智能制造     |
|  4 | 智能制造     |
|  5 | 智能制造     |
+----+--------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

根据条件来修改记录

mysql> update major set name='智能科学与技术' where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from major;
+----+-----------------------+
| id | name                  |
+----+-----------------------+
|  1 | 智能科学与技术        |
|  2 | 智能制造              |
|  3 | 智能制造              |
|  4 | 智能制造              |
|  5 | 智能制造              |
+----+-----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

一次性修改多个字段的值

mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+----------+
| id | name   | major_id |
+----+--------+----------+
|  1 | 小明   |        1 |
|  2 | 匿名   |        1 |
+----+--------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update student set name='李华',major_id=2 where id = 1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+--------+----------+
| id | name   | major_id |
+----+--------+----------+
|  1 | 李华   |        2 |
|  2 | 匿名   |        1 |
+----+--------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

稍微高级一点的使用

 update load_product,product set load_product.product_id = product.id where load_product.code=product.code

where条件

where条件可以使用的操作符

在这里插入图片描述

多个条件共同使用，使用and连接，如where id=1 and name=‘李华’

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major;
+----+-----------------------+
| id | 专业名称              |
+----+-----------------------+
|  1 | 智能科学与技术        |
|  2 | 智能制造              |
|  3 | 智能制造              |
|  4 | 智能制造              |
|  5 | 智能制造              |
+----+-----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major where name='智能制造';
+----+--------------+
| id | 专业名称     |
+----+--------------+
|  2 | 智能制造     |
|  3 | 智能制造     |
|  4 | 智能制造     |
|  5 | 智能制造     |
+----+--------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major where name!='智能制造';
+----+-----------------------+
| id | 专业名称              |
+----+-----------------------+
|  1 | 智能科学与技术        |
+----+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major where not name='智能制造';
+----+-----------------------+
| id | 专业名称              |
+----+-----------------------+
|  1 | 智能科学与技术        |
+----+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major where name='智能制造' and id =2;
+----+--------------+
| id | 专业名称     |
+----+--------------+
|  2 | 智能制造     |
+----+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major where id < 2;
+----+-----------------------+
| id | 专业名称              |
+----+-----------------------+
|  1 | 智能科学与技术        |
+----+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major where id >= 2;
+----+--------------+
| id | 专业名称     |
+----+--------------+
|  2 | 智能制造     |
|  3 | 智能制造     |
|  4 | 智能制造     |
|  5 | 智能制造     |
+----+--------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major where id >= 2 and id <= 4;
+----+--------------+
| id | 专业名称     |
+----+--------------+
|  2 | 智能制造     |
|  3 | 智能制造     |
|  4 | 智能制造     |
+----+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major where id = 2 or id = 4;
+----+--------------+
| id | 专业名称     |
+----+--------------+
|  2 | 智能制造     |
|  4 | 智能制造     |
+----+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

判空

当然，还可以用来判空或者非空，并不是直接=null，而是is null和is not null

UPDATE sys_user 
SET avatar = concat( "https://hahaha/", FLOOR(RAND()*29+1), ".png" ) 
WHERE
	avatar IS NULL 
	OR avatar = "";

and和or的使用

SELECT
	* 
FROM
	chat 
WHERE
	( from_who = "admin" AND to_who = "user1" ) 
	OR ( to_who = "admin" AND from_who = "user1" ) 
ORDER BY
	create_time DESC;

在这里插入图片描述

数据删除 DELETE

删除所有数据

delete from 表名;

使用delete删除所有数据，如果重启数据库，会出现如下现象

InnoDB 自增列会从1开始（存在内存中，断电即失）
MyISAM 自增列继续从上一个自增量开始（存在文件中，不会丢失）

删除指定数据

delete from 表名 where 条件;

数据表清空 TRUNCATE

清空一个数据表的所有数据，自增id计数器重新恢复到1，表的结构和索引约束不会改变

truncate 表名

数据查询语言Data Query LANGUAGE(DQL) SELECT

查询一个表中的所有数据

select * from 表名;

查询指定字段的数据

select 字段1,字段2,字段3 from 表名;

注意：能查询部分字段的，千万不要查询*，这样会增加查询时间

给字段取别名

mysql> select name from major;
+-----------------------+
| name                  |
+-----------------------+
| 智能科学与技术        |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
+-----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name as 专业名称 from major;
+-----------------------+
| 专业名称              |
+-----------------------+
| 智能科学与技术        |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
+-----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

给表取别名

mysql> select student.id as 学号,student.name as 姓名,major.name as 专业 from student left join major on student.major_id = major.id;
+--------+--------+-----------------------+
| 学号   | 姓名   | 专业                  |
+--------+--------+-----------------------+
|      1 | 李华   | 智能制造              |
|      2 | 匿名   | 智能科学与技术        |
+--------+--------+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select s.id as 学号,s.name as 姓名,m.name as 专业 from student as s left join major as m on s.major_id = m.id;
+--------+--------+-----------------------+
| 学号   | 姓名   | 专业                  |
+--------+--------+-----------------------+
|      1 | 李华   | 智能制造              |
|      2 | 匿名   | 智能科学与技术        |
+--------+--------+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

取别名可以更方便开发者编写sql语句

字符串拼接

mysql> select concat('专业名称：',name) from major;
+--------------------------------------+
| concat('专业名称：',name)            |
+--------------------------------------+
| 专业名称：智能科学与技术             |
| 专业名称：智能制造                   |
| 专业名称：智能制造                   |
| 专业名称：智能制造                   |
| 专业名称：智能制造                   |
+--------------------------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询结果数据去重

重复的数据只显示一条

mysql> select name as 专业名称 from major;
+-----------------------+
| 专业名称              |
+-----------------------+
| 智能科学与技术        |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
| 智能制造              |
+-----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select distinct name as 专业名称 from major;
+-----------------------+
| 专业名称              |
+-----------------------+
| 智能科学与技术        |
| 智能制造              |
+-----------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查询时增加计算

mysql> select id,name as 专业名称 from major;
+----+-----------------------+
| id | 专业名称              |
+----+-----------------------+
|  1 | 智能科学与技术        |
|  2 | 智能制造              |
|  3 | 智能制造              |
|  4 | 智能制造              |
|  5 | 智能制造              |
+----+-----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 将所有数据的 id 增加 1
mysql> select id+1,name as 专业名称 from major;
+------+-----------------------+
| id+1 | 专业名称              |
+------+-----------------------+
|    2 | 智能科学与技术        |
|    3 | 智能制造              |
|    4 | 智能制造              |
|    5 | 智能制造              |
|    6 | 智能制造              |
+------+-----------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

模糊查询

在这里插入图片描述

连接查询

七种连接方式

https://blog.csdn.net/laodanqiu/article/details/131233741

自连接

用途：一个表同时存储了父类数据和子类数据，如省市区表同时存储了中国的所有省、市、区的数据，希望查询出广东省下面的所有城市

mysql> desc province_city_region;
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Field       | Type        | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                                         |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| id          | bigint      | NO   | PRI | NULL              | auto_increment                                |
| create_time | datetime    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | DEFAULT_GENERATED                             |
| update_time | datetime    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | DEFAULT_GENERATED on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |
| is_deleted  | tinyint     | YES  |     | 0                 |                                               |
| name        | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL              |                                               |
| type        | tinyint     | YES  |     | NULL              |                                               |
| parent_id   | bigint      | YES  |     | NULL              |                                               |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select a.id,a.name as 市名称,b.name as 省名称 from province_city_region as a,province_city_region as b where b.name="广东省" and a.parent_id=b.id;
+------+-----------+-----------+
| id   | 市名称    | 省名称    |
+------+-----------+-----------+
| 4792 | 茂名市    | 广东省    |
| 4798 | 湛江市    | 广东省    |
| 4808 | 东莞市    | 广东省    |
| 4809 | 江门市    | 广东省    |
| 4817 | 清远市    | 广东省    |
| 4826 | 佛山市    | 广东省    |
| 4832 | 阳江市    | 广东省    |
| 4837 | 汕头市    | 广东省    |
| 4845 | 河源市    | 广东省    |
| 4852 | 珠海市    | 广东省    |
| 4856 | 汕尾市    | 广东省    |
| 4861 | 深圳市    | 广东省    |
| 4868 | 梅州市    | 广东省    |
| 4877 | 揭阳市    | 广东省    |
| 4883 | 韶关市    | 广东省    |
| 4894 | 惠州市    | 广东省    |
| 4900 | 潮州市    | 广东省    |
| 4904 | 广州市    | 广东省    |
| 4916 | 肇庆市    | 广东省    |
| 4925 | 中山市    | 广东省    |
| 4926 | 云浮市    | 广东省    |
+------+-----------+-----------+
21 rows in set (0.00 sec)

分页

【查询语句】limit 数据索引起始值数据量的大小

limit 0,5:查询的是第0,1,2,3,4条数据

limit 2,5:查询的是第2,3,4,5,6条数据

排序

【查询语句】order by 字段 ASC / DESC

ASC（升序）
DESC（降序）

mysql> select * from province_city_region order by id asc limit 0,10;
+------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------+------+-----------+
| id   | create_time         | update_time         | is_deleted | name      | type | parent_id |
+------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------+------+-----------+
| 2928 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 山东省    |    0 |         0 |
| 2929 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 莱芜市    |    1 |      2928 |
| 2930 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 莱城区    |    2 |      2929 |
| 2931 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 钢城区    |    2 |      2929 |
| 2932 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 济南市    |    1 |      2928 |
| 2933 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 历城区    |    2 |      2932 |
| 2934 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 历下区    |    2 |      2932 |
| 2935 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 长清区    |    2 |      2932 |
| 2936 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 平阴县    |    2 |      2932 |
| 2937 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 | 2023-02-10 20:38:54 |          0 | 章丘市    |    1 |      2932 |
+------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+-----------+------+-----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from province_city_region order by id desc limit 0,10;
+------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+--------------------------+------+-----------+
| id   | create_time         | update_time         | is_deleted | name                     | type | parent_id |
+------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+--------------------------+------+-----------+
| 5851 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 |          0 | 天峨县                   |    2 |      5840 |
| 5850 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 |          0 | 凤山县                   |    2 |      5840 |
| 5849 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 |          0 | 南丹县                   |    2 |      5840 |
| 5848 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 |          0 | 环江毛南族自治县         |    2 |      5840 |
| 5847 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 |          0 | 巴马瑶族自治县           |    2 |      5840 |
| 5846 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:10 |          0 | 东兰县                   |    2 |      5840 |
| 5845 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:10 |          0 | 金城江区                 |    2 |      5840 |
| 5844 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:10 |          0 | 罗城仫佬族自治县         |    2 |      5840 |
| 5843 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:10 |          0 | 宜州市                   |    1 |      5840 |
| 5842 | 2023-02-10 20:39:11 | 2023-02-10 20:39:10 |          0 | 都安瑶族自治县           |    2 |      5840 |
+------+---------------------+---------------------+------------+--------------------------+------+-----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

子查询

在这里插入图片描述

注意：子查询的效率高于连表查询

查询常用函数

在这里插入图片描述

UPDATE sys_user 
SET avatar = concat( "https://hahaha/", FLOOR(RAND()*29+1), ".png" ) 
WHERE
	avatar IS NULL 
	OR avatar = "";

使用函数可能导致字段的索引失效，造成效率下降，建议直接读出来，然后用java进行处理

分组过滤

mysql> select name,gender from user limit 0,10;
+-----------------+--------+
| name            | gender |
+-----------------+--------+
| 系统管理员      |      0 |
| 企业管理员      |      0 |
| 门店管理员      |      0 |
| 郗淑            |      0 |
| 柳之            |      1 |
| 夏侯之          |      1 |
| 吉滢            |      0 |
| 独孤杰          |      1 |
| 蒙飘            |      0 |
| 卫柔            |      0 |
+-----------------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 根据 gender 进行分组
mysql> select name,gender from user group by gender limit 0,10;
+-----------------+--------+
| name            | gender |
+-----------------+--------+
| 系统管理员      |      0 |
| 柳之            |      1 |
+-----------------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

在这里插入图片描述

能使用where，就不要使用having，不然可能导致索引失效

SELECT语法完整结构

在这里插入图片描述

[]：代表可选

{}：代表必选

数据加密

【建表sql】

DROP TABLE
IF
        EXISTS `user`;
CREATE TABLE `user` (
        `id` BIGINT NOT NULL auto_increment COMMENT '主键' PRIMARY KEY,
        `create_time` datetime DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP NOT NULL COMMENT '创建时间',
        `update_time` datetime DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP NOT NULL ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '更新时间',
        `is_deleted` TINYINT DEFAULT 0 NULL COMMENT '是否删除 0：未删除 1：已删除',
        `username` VARCHAR ( 50 ) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '用户名',
        `password` VARCHAR ( 255 ) NOT NULL COMMENT '密码',
        `gender` TINYINT DEFAULT 0 NULL COMMENT '性别 0：男 1：女',
        `age` INT DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '年龄'
) COMMENT '用户表';

-- 插入数据
mysql> insert into user(`username`,`password`,`gender`,`age`) values('admin','123456',0,18),('hello','123456',0,28),('word','123456',1,17);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

【密码MD5加密操作】

mysql> select * from user;
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------+--------+------+
| id | create_time         | update_time         | is_deleted | username | password | gender | age  |
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------+--------+------+
|  1 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 |          0 | admin    | 123456   |      0 |   18 |
|  2 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 |          0 | hello    | 123456   |      0 |   28 |
|  3 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 |          0 | word     | 123456   |      1 |   17 |
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------+--------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 加密id=1的数据的密码
mysql> update user set password=MD5(password) where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from user;
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
| id | create_time         | update_time         | is_deleted | username | password                         | gender | age  |
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
|  1 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:18:38 |          0 | admin    | e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e |      0 |   18 |
|  2 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 |          0 | hello    | 123456                           |      0 |   28 |
|  3 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 |          0 | word     | 123456                           |      1 |   17 |
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 加密所有数据的密码
mysql> update user set password=MD5(password);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 3  Changed: 3  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from user;
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
| id | create_time         | update_time         | is_deleted | username | password                         | gender | age  |
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
|  1 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:19:01 |          0 | admin    | 14e1b600b1fd579f47433b88e8d85291 |      0 |   18 |
|  2 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:19:01 |          0 | hello    | e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e |      0 |   28 |
|  3 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:19:01 |          0 | word     | e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e |      1 |   17 |
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

-- 插入数据的时候就执行加密
mysql> insert into user(`username`,`password`,`gender`,`age`) values('md5',MD5('123456'),0,18);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from user;
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
| id | create_time         | update_time         | is_deleted | username | password                         | gender | age  |
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
|  1 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:19:01 |          0 | admin    | 14e1b600b1fd579f47433b88e8d85291 |      0 |   18 |
|  2 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:19:01 |          0 | hello    | e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e |      0 |   28 |
|  3 | 2023-07-05 10:16:16 | 2023-07-05 10:19:01 |          0 | word     | e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e |      1 |   17 |
|  4 | 2023-07-05 10:19:46 | 2023-07-05 10:19:46 |          0 | md5      | e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e |      0 |   18 |
+----+---------------------+---------------------+------------+----------+----------------------------------+--------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)