嵌入式linux入门1-指令使用总结笔记

Linux常用命令

目录操作

pwd # print working directory

cd # change directory
cd /home/water/ # change to directory direction /home/water/
cd ~ # change to home directory of current user
cd . # change to current directory
cd .. # change to parent directory
cd ../.. # change to parant's parent directory
cd - # change to last directory
# Linux的文件系统结构可以参考FHS标准（Filesystem Hierarchy Standard，文件系统层次标准）

ls # list
ls # list current directory contents
ls -l # list current directory contents using a long listing format
ls -a # do not ignore entries starting with .
ls -lh # print sizes like 1k 234M 2G, -h = --human-readable

mkdir # make directory
mkdir a # make directory a
makdir -p a/b # make directory b and b's parent directory a as needed

rmdir # remove directory if they are empty
rmdir a # remove directory a

文件操作

touch # create file
touch file1 # create file1

mv # move file/directory
mv dir1 ../dir1 # move dir1 to it's last directory
mv dir1 dir2 # rename dir1 to dir2

cp # copy file/directory
cp file1 file2 # copy file1 to file2
cp -r dir1 dir2 # copy dir1 to dir2 recursively

rm # remove file/dir
rm file1 # remove file1
rm -r dir1 # remove dir1 recursively
rm -i file1 # remove file1 and prompt before remove

find # search for files in a directory hierarchy
find [<dir>] <pattern> # search file match <pattern> in directory [<dir>]
find *.txt # find all files with suffix ".txt" in current directory
find -mtime -2 # find files which was modified last n*24 hours ago

grep # print lines that match patterns
grep -rn <pattern> <file> # print lines that match <pattern> in <file> with line numbers, -r recursive, -n show line numbers
man find | grep -n "-r" * # print lines with "-r" in std output of cmd "man find"

file # determine file type
file <file> # determine <file> type
file * # determine all files type in current directory

cat # concatenate files and print on the standard output
cat file1 # print file1
cat -n file1 # print file1 with line numbers
cat file1 file2 # concatenate file1 and file2, then print them to standard output

which <file> # return the pathnames of <file> which would be executed
whereis <cmd> # locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command

压缩与解压

gzip # compress or expand files
gzip -l <gzip_file> # list information of <gzip_file>
gzip -kd <gzip_file> # expand <gzip_file> and keep original file
gzip -k <file> # compress <file> and keep original file

# 注意
# 一般用于小文件
# 相同的文件内容，文件名不同，压缩文件大小也不同
# gzip不能压缩目录
# 压缩文件后缀为.gz

bzip2 # compress or expand files

# 注意
# 用法同gzip，但是使用了更好的压缩算法以得到更高的压缩比，用于压缩大文件
# bzip2不能压缩目录
# 压缩文件后缀为.bz2

tar # an archiving utility
tar -cvf c.tar file1 file2 dir1 # archive file1 file2 dir1 to c.tar
tar -czvf c.tar.gz file1 file2 dir1 # compress file1 file2 dir1 to c.tar.gz
tar -cjvf c.tar.bz2 file1 file2 dir1 # compress file1 file2 dir1 to c.tar.bz2
tar -tvf c.tar # list contents of archive c.tar
tar -tzvf c.tar.gz # list contents of archive c.tar.gz which compress by gzip
tar -tjvf c.tar.bz2 # list contents of archive c.tar.gz which compress by bzip2
tar -xvf c.tar # expand archive c.tar
tar -xzvf c.tar.gz # expand archive c.tar.gz which compress by gzip
tar -xjvf c.tar.bz2 # expand archive c.tar.gz which compress by bzip2
tar -xjvf c.tar.bz2 -C /home/ # expand archive c.tar.gz which compress by bzip2 to directory /home/

# 注意
# tar用于对多个文件与目录进行打包生成一个文件，之后可以用gzip和bzip2对归档文件进行压缩
# 选项-z -j 分别调用gzip和bzip2对归档后的文件进行压缩
# 选项 -f 用于指定归档文件名
# 选项 -C 可以指定进行压缩或解压操作时要切换到的工作目录，理解为压缩文件生成目录或要解压到的目录

其他常用命令

clear # clear screen
reset # reset terminal

man # show system reference manuals
man man # show system reference information about cmd 'man'
info ls # show information documents of cmd 'ls'
ls --help # using option '--help' can show cmd help information

文本编辑器vi

vi的不同模式

光标移动

• 当处于一般模式下，使用HJKL分别负责光标的←↓↑→
• 快速定位到某一行（一下均为一般模式下操作）
  <n>gg 快速定位到第<n>行的行首，gg 定位到文件首行，G 定位到文件末行
  0 移动到当前行行首，$ 移动到当前行行末
  f<c> 跳转到当前行中下一个字符<c>出现的位置

文本操作

• yy 复制当前行，<n>yy 从光标所在行开始往后复制n行
• dd 删除当前行，<n>dd从光标所在行开始往后删除n行，删除的内容会留存在剪切板中，可以用p粘贴
• p 粘贴内容到光标所处行的下一行
• u 撤销上一步操作
• /<word> 从当前位置搜索<word>第一次出现的位置，n 向下重复上一次搜索，N 向上重复上一次搜索
• :%s/<str1>/<str2>/g 全局查找str1字符串并全部替换为str2字符串，/g为全局搜索，/gc搜索前询问

其他命令（一般模式有效）

• :set number 显示行号、:set nonumber 隐藏行号
• :help <cmd> 查找命令<cmd>的帮助信息

FHS文件系统层次化标准

了解FHS可以直到linux内的系统目录都是干什么的，参考链接：

diff与patch

diff和patch命令在开发中经常用到，用来生成补丁或打补丁，参考链接：