最小二乘拟合圆孔

1. 圆孔测量介绍

此文中的圆孔测量是一项3D视觉技术，旨在精确测量物体表面上的圆孔的直径和中心坐标。通过使用高精度3D相机（线激光轮廓仪或结构体等）采集原始点云数据，通过3D视觉算法能够快速、准确地分析物体上的圆孔特征，为制造和工程领域提供了强大的测量工具。
圆孔测量在制造、自动化、质检和其他领域中具有广泛的应用。典型应用场景包括零部件尺寸检测、孔隙性材料分析以及工件组装等。

2. 圆孔测量算法步骤

2.1 拟合圆孔

参考1：fitting-a-circle-to-cluster-of-3d-points
The circle fitting method can be split into the following steps:

1. Using SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) find the best fitting plane to the set of mean-centered points.
2. Project the mean-centered points onto the fitting plane in new 2D coords.
3. Using method of least-squares fit a circle in the 2D coords and get circle center and radius.
4. Transform the circle center back to 3D coords. Now the fitting circle is specified by its cent