Javascript：谈谈JS的全局变量跟局部变量

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        今天公司一个实习小妹子问我两段JS代码的区别：<br></p>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[javascript]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 251px; top: 262px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_1" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_1" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=1&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent" align="middle" width="16" height="16"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span><script type=</span><span class="string">"text/javascript"</span><span>>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a = </span><span class="string">"Hello"</span><span>;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">function</span><span> test(){  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>      <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>      alert(a);  </span></li><li class=""><span>      a = <span class="string">"World"</span><span>;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>      alert(a);  </span></li><li class=""><span> }  </span></li><li class="alt"><span></script>  </span></li></ol></div><pre class="javascript" name="code" style="display: none;"><script type="text/javascript">
 var a = "Hello";
 function test(){
      var a;
      alert(a);
      a = "World";
      alert(a);
 }
</script></pre>
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<br></p>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[javascript]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 251px; top: 518px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_2" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_2" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=2&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent" align="middle" width="16" height="16"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span><script type=</span><span class="string">"text/javascript"</span><span>>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span> <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a = </span><span class="string">"Hello"</span><span>;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span> <span class="keyword">function</span><span> test(){  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>      alert(a);  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>      a = <span class="string">"World"</span><span>;  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>      alert(a);  </span></li><li class="alt"><span> }  </span></li><li class=""><span></script>  </span></li></ol></div><pre class="javascript" name="code" style="display: none;"><script type="text/javascript">
 var a = "Hello";
 function test(){
      alert(a);
      a = "World";
      alert(a);
 }
</script>
</pre><br>
        我想，好简单呀，不就是全局变量跟局部变量的scope问题吗？我说:"当全局变量跟局部变量重名时，局部变量的scope会覆盖掉全局变量的scope，当离开局部变量的scope后，又重回到全局变量的scope。所以两段代码运行的结果分别为：1) undefined World 2) Hello World。然后我随意编了如下一个例子给她：<br><div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[javascript]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 251px; top: 851px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_3" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_3" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=3&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent" align="middle" width="16" height="16"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span><script>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>   <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a =1;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>   <span class="keyword">function</span><span> test(){  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>      alert(a);  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>      <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a = 2;  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>      alert(a);  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>   }  </span></li><li class=""><span>   test();  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>   alert(a);  </span></li><li class=""><span></script>  </span></li></ol></div><pre class="javascript" name="code" style="display: none;"> <script>
    var a =1;
    function test(){
       alert(a);
       var a = 2;
       alert(a);
    }
    test();
    alert(a);
 </script></pre>        大家猜结果等于多少？是输出1 2 1 吗？嗯嗯，当我把测试case发给她之前也是这么认为的，但测试输出后……运行结果是 undefined 2 1。当时百思不得其解，问了谷老师才知道，我对JS还不是非常了解，所以痛下苦功，学习+测试，总结如下：<br><br>
        一、Javascript的变量的scope是根据方法块来划分的（也就是说以function的一对大括号｛ ｝来划分）。切记，是function块，而for、while、if块并不是作用域的划分标准，可以看看以下几个例子：<br><p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:1em;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;">
</p>
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[javascript]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 251px; top: 1245px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_4" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_4" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=4&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent" align="middle" width="16" height="16"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span><script>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span><span class="keyword">function</span><span> test2(){  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>    alert (<span class="string">"before for scope:"</span><span>+i);    </span><span class="comment">// i未赋值（并不是未声明！使用未声明的变量或函数全抛出致命错误而中断脚本执行）</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>                                                    <span class="comment">// 此时i的值是underfined</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>    <span class="keyword">for</span><span>(</span><span class="keyword">var</span><span> i=0;i<3;i++){  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>        alert(<span class="string">"in for scope:"</span><span>+i);  </span><span class="comment">// i的值是 0、1、2, 当i为3时跳出循环</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>    }  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>    alert(<span class="string">"after for scope:"</span><span>+i);  </span><span class="comment">// i的值是3，注意，此时已经在for scope以外，但i的值仍然保留为3</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>      </span></li><li class="alt"><span>    <span class="keyword">while</span><span>(</span><span class="keyword">true</span><span>){  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>        <span class="keyword">var</span><span> j = 1;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>        <span class="keyword">break</span><span>;  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>    }  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>    alert(j);    <span class="comment">// j的值是1，注意，此时已经在while scope以外，但j的值仍然保留为1</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>    <span class="keyword">if</span><span>(</span><span class="keyword">true</span><span>){  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>        <span class="keyword">var</span><span> k = 1;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>    }  </span></li><li class=""><span>    alert(k);  <span class="comment">//k的值是1，注意，此时已经在if scope以外，但k的值仍然保留为1</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>}  </span></li><li class=""><span>  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>test2();  </span></li><li class=""><span><span class="comment">//若在此时（function scope之外）再输出只存在于test2 这个function scope里的 i、j、k变量会发生神马效果呢？</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>alert(i); <span class="comment">//error! 没错，是error，原因是变量i未声明（并不是未赋值，区分test2函数的第一行输出），导致脚本错误，程序到此结束！</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>alert(<span class="string">"这行打印还会输出吗？"</span><span>); </span><span class="comment">//未执行</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>alert(j); <span class="comment">//未执行</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>alert(k); <span class="comment">//未执行</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span></script>  </span></li></ol></div><pre class="javascript" name="code" style="display: none;"><script>
function test2(){
    alert ("before for scope:"+i);    // i未赋值（并不是未声明！使用未声明的变量或函数全抛出致命错误而中断脚本执行）

                                                    // 此时i的值是underfined
    for(var i=0;i<3;i++){
        alert("in for scope:"+i);  // i的值是 0、1、2, 当i为3时跳出循环
    }
    alert("after for scope:"+i);  // i的值是3，注意，此时已经在for scope以外，但i的值仍然保留为3
    
    while(true){
        var j = 1;
        break;
    }
    alert(j);    // j的值是1，注意，此时已经在while scope以外，但j的值仍然保留为1

    if(true){
        var k = 1;
    }
    alert(k);  //k的值是1，注意，此时已经在if scope以外，但k的值仍然保留为1
}

test2();
//若在此时（function scope之外）再输出只存在于test2 这个function scope里的 i、j、k变量会发生神马效果呢？
alert(i); //error! 没错，是error，原因是变量i未声明（并不是未赋值，区分test2函数的第一行输出），导致脚本错误，程序到此结束！
alert("这行打印还会输出吗？"); //未执行
alert(j); //未执行
alert(k); //未执行
</script></pre>        二、Javascript在执行前会对整个脚本文件的声明部分做完整分析(包括局部变量)，从而确定实变量的作用域。怎么理解呢？看下面一个例子：<br><div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[javascript]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 251px; top: 1925px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_5" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_5" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=5&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent" align="middle" width="16" height="16"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span><script>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>    <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a =1;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>    <span class="keyword">function</span><span> test(){  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>        alert(a); <span class="comment">//a为undefined! 这个a并不是全局变量，这是因为在function scope里已经声明了（函数体倒数第4行）一个重名的局部变量,</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>                     <span class="comment">//所以全局变量a被覆盖了，这说明了Javascript在执行前会对整个脚本文件的定义部分做完整分析,所以在函数test()执行前,</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>                     <span class="comment">//函数体中的变量a就被指向内部的局部变量.而不是指向外部的全局变量. 但这时a只有声明，还没赋值，所以输出undefined。</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>        a=4         </span></li><li class=""><span>        alert(a);  <span class="comment">//a为4,没悬念了吧？ 这里的a还是局部变量哦！</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>        <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a;     </span><span class="comment">//局部变量a在这行声明</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>        alert(a);  <span class="comment">//a还是为4,这是因为之前已把4赋给a了</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>    }  </span></li><li class=""><span>    test();  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>    alert(a); <span class="comment">//a为1，这里并不在function scope内，a的值为全局变量的值</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span></script>  </span></li></ol></div><pre class="javascript" name="code" style="display: none;"><script>
    var a =1;
    function test(){
        alert(a); //a为undefined! 这个a并不是全局变量，这是因为在function scope里已经声明了（函数体倒数第4行）一个重名的局部变量,
                     //所以全局变量a被覆盖了，这说明了Javascript在执行前会对整个脚本文件的定义部分做完整分析,所以在函数test()执行前,
                     //函数体中的变量a就被指向内部的局部变量.而不是指向外部的全局变量. 但这时a只有声明，还没赋值，所以输出undefined。
        a=4       
        alert(a);  //a为4,没悬念了吧？ 这里的a还是局部变量哦！
        var a;     //局部变量a在这行声明
        alert(a);  //a还是为4,这是因为之前已把4赋给a了
    }
    test();
    alert(a); //a为1，这里并不在function scope内，a的值为全局变量的值
</script></pre>        三，当全局变量跟局部变量重名时，局部变量的scope会覆盖掉全局变量的scope，当离开局部变量的scope后，又重回到全局变量的scope，而当全局变量遇上局部变量时，怎样使用全局变量呢？用window.globalVariableName。<br><div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript"><div class="bar"><div class="tools"><b>[javascript]</b> <a href="#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('ViewSource',this);return false;">view plain</a><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_168"> <a href="#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('CopyToClipboard',this);return false;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 251px; top: 2373px; width: 16px; height: 16px; z-index: 99;"><embed id="ZeroClipboardMovie_6" src="http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/ZeroClipboard/ZeroClipboard.swf" loop="false" menu="false" quality="best" bgcolor="#ffffff" name="ZeroClipboardMovie_6" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" flashvars="id=6&width=16&height=16" wmode="transparent" align="middle" width="16" height="16"></div></span><span class="tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_169"> <a href="#" class="PrintSource" title="print" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('PrintSource',this);return false;">print</a></span><a href="#" class="About" title="?" οnclick="dp.sh.Toolbar.Command('About',this);return false;">?</a></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c"><li class="alt"><span><span><script>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>    <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a =1;  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>    <span class="keyword">function</span><span> test(){     </span></span></li><li class=""><span>        alert(window.a);  <span class="comment">//a为1,这里的a是全局变量哦！</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>        <span class="keyword">var</span><span> a=2;     </span><span class="comment">//局部变量a在这行定义</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span>        alert(a);  <span class="comment">//a为2,这里的a是局部变量哦！</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class="alt"><span>    }  </span></li><li class=""><span>    test();  </span></li><li class="alt"><span>    alert(a); <span class="comment">//a为1，这里并不在function scope内，a的值为全局变量的值</span><span>  </span></span></li><li class=""><span></script>  </span></li></ol></div><pre class="javascript" name="code" style="display: none;"><script>
    var a =1;
    function test(){   
        alert(window.a);  //a为1,这里的a是全局变量哦！
        var a=2;     //局部变量a在这行定义
        alert(a);  //a为2,这里的a是局部变量哦！
    }
    test();
    alert(a); //a为1，这里并不在function scope内，a的值为全局变量的值
</script></pre><br><p></p>
        （转自：<a href="http://apps.hi.baidu.com/share/detail/50528730" target="_blank">http://apps.hi.baidu.com/share/detail/50528730</a>）
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