学习Linux-4.12内核网路协议栈（1.7）——网络设备的初始化（struct net_device）

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/lee244868149/article/details/75195694

在linux的网络设备里，其中一个最关键的结构体应该要算net_device了，它由对应的网络设备驱动进行创建和初始化，服务于内核网络子系统。

1. struct net_device 注释分析

struct net_device这个结构体比较大，在了解它之前，我们先看一下它的注释：

1433 /**
1434 * struct net_device - The DEVICE structure.
1435 *      Actually, this whole structure is a big mistake. It mixes I/O //这个结构体的设计是一个很大的失误，它并没有对IO数据和高级别的数据进行区分，也就是说这个结构
1436 *      data with strictly "high-level" data, and it has to know about   //体并没有对数据的来源是普通内存还是高速缓存进行辨别，因此在INET模型里面，它不得不处理各种
1437 *      almost every data structure used in the INET module.    //不同的数据类型
1438 *
1439 * @name: This is the first field of the "visible" part of this structure   //它代表一个接口的名字，在设备注册的时候，我们可以指定接口名字，如果没指定，他会自动申请
1440 *      (i.e. as seen by users in the "Space.c" file). It is the name //一个自加1的名字，比如eth0，eth1，eth2...
1441 *      of the interface.
1442 *
1443 * @name_hlist:    Device name hash chain, please keep it close to name[] //以名字为索引的哈希表
1444 * @ifalias:   SNMP alias // snmp的别名
1445 * @mem_end:   Shared memory end   //每一个设备都会分配一块内存区域，start和end指定了这块区域
1446 * @mem_start: Shared memory start
1447 * @base_addr: Device I/O address //网络硬件设备的基地址，内存管理系统将每一个外部设备都看作一块连续的地址，然后将它与内存中的一块地址进行映射，这样操作内存地址就相当于操作这块网络硬件设备的地址，而这里的基地址就是这个网络硬件设备的起始地址。他会在probe的时候初始化

1448 * @irq:       Device IRQ number //该设备对应的中断号
1449 *
1450 * @carrier_changes:   Stats to monitor carrier on<->off transitions
1451 *
1452 * @state:     Generic network queuing layer state, see netdev_state_t //表示设备的状态，它很重要
1453 * @dev_list: The global list of network devices //所有net_device对象组成的一个链表，可以说系统中所有的网络设备都可以通过它查到
1454 * @napi_list: List entry used for polling NAPI devices //如果该支持NAPI，会将它挂到这个链表上，CPU就可以更快的找到NAPI poll的设备
1455 * @unreg_list:    List entry when we are unregistering the //正在被卸载的设备会加到这个链表
1456 *          device; see the function unregister_netdev
1457 * @close_list:    List entry used when we are closing the device //正在被关闭的设备会加到这个链表
1458 * @ptype_all:     Device-specific packet handlers for all protocols //某些特定协议的处理函数会挂接在这里，但是未必是需要的
1459 * @ptype_specific: Device-specific, protocol-specific packet handlers

1460 *
1461 * @adj_list: Directly linked devices, like slaves for bonding
1462 * @features: Currently active device features //用来标识接口的各种能力和特性
1463 * @hw_features:   User-changeable features //一些硬件相关的特性，这些是可以在用户空间修改的
1464 *
1465 * @wanted_features:   User-requested features
1466 * @vlan_features:     Mask of features inheritable by VLAN devices //是否支持vlan功能
1467 *
1468 * @hw_enc_features:   Mask of features inherited by encapsulating devices //是否支持硬件封装功能
1469 *              This field indicates what encapsulation
1470 *              offloads the hardware is capable of doing,
1471 *              and drivers will need to set them appropriately.
1472 *
1473 * @mpls_features: Mask of features inheritable by MPLS
1474 *
1475 * @ifindex:   interface index //内核指定的索引号，比如第一个，第二个设备等等
1476 * @group:     The group the device belongs to //这个设备属于哪个组
1477 *
1478 * @stats:     Statistics struct, which was left as a legacy, use //一些接口的信息，用于提供给旧接口的用户空间获取
1479 *          rtnl_link_stats64 instead
1480 *
1481 * @rx_dropped:    Dropped packets by core network, //被内核丢掉的包，注意不是被driver丢的
1482 *          do not use this in drivers
1483 * @tx_dropped:    Dropped packets by core network,
1484 *          do not use this in drivers
1485 * @rx_nohandler: nohandler dropped packets by core network on
1486 *          inactive devices, do not use this in drivers
1487 *
1488 * @wireless_handlers: List of functions to handle Wireless Extensions, //无线子系统的一些接口
1489 *              instead of ioctl,
1490 *              see <net/iw_handler.h> for details.
1491 * @wireless_data: Instance data managed by the core of wireless extensions
1492 *
1493 * @netdev_ops:    Includes several pointers to callbacks,   //很重要！操作网络设备的函数都聚集在这里了，在网络初始化的时候被初始化，具体支持哪些操作函数，
1494 *          if one wants to override the ndo_*() functions   //请看这个函数struct net_device_ops（）
1495 * @ethtool_ops:   Management operations //ethtool的操作接口
1496 * @ndisc_ops: Includes callbacks for different IPv6 neighbour
1497 *          discovery handling. Necessary for e.g. 6LoWPAN.
1498 * @header_ops:    Includes callbacks for creating,parsing,caching,etc //对L2头部处理的函数
1499 *          of Layer 2 headers.
1500 *
1501 * @flags:     Interface flags (a la BSD) //标识接口的状态，比如UP/down等，可以通过用户空间修改
1502 * @priv_flags:    Like 'flags' but invisible to userspace, //和flags类似，但是用户空间不能修改
1503 *          see if.h for the definitions
1504 * @gflags:    Global flags ( kept as legacy ) //全局标识，和flags配合使用
1505 * @padded:    How much padding added by alloc_netdev() //对齐时使用的字节数，在申请net_device的时候，需要进行对齐，它表示填充的字节数
1506 * @operstate: RFC2863 operstate
1507 * @link_mode: Mapping policy to operstate
1508 * @if_port:   Selectable AUI, TP, ... 目前较少用，对于支持多介质的网络设备时，用来指定哪种设备的接口
1509 * @dma:       DMA channel //为该设备分配的DMA通道，如果支持的话，目前来说应该都支持了
1510 * @mtu:       Interface MTU value //这个不用说了，一般1500
1511 * @min_mtu:   Interface Minimum MTU value
1512 * @max_mtu:   Interface Maximum MTU value
1513 * @type:      Interface hardware type //接口的硬件类型，目前来说主要都是以太网

1514 * @hard_header_len: Maximum hardware header length.
1515 * @min_header_len: Minimum hardware header length
1516 *
1517 * @needed_headroom: Extra headroom the hardware may need, but not in all //需要头部空间吗
1518 *            cases can this be guaranteed
1519 * @needed_tailroom: Extra tailroom the hardware may need, but not in all
1520 *            cases can this be guaranteed. Some cases also use
1521 *            LL_MAX_HEADER instead to allocate the skb
1522 *
1523 * interface address info:
1524 *
1525 * @perm_addr:     Permanent hw address //烧写在硬件中的地址，初始化的时候读取到这里
1526 * @addr_assign_type: Hw address assignment type //硬件地址分配类型，目前来说都是支持用户空间对硬件地址进行设置了
1527 * @addr_len:      Hardware address length //这个不用说了，14B
1528 * @neigh_priv_len:    Used in neigh_alloc()
1529 * @dev_id:        Used to differentiate devices that share //这个应该很少用了，如果有多个设备共用一个mac地址，就会有它的作用了，目前见过这样的产品，虽然mac
1530 *              the same link layer address //地址一样，但是硬件设备不一样，工作是没有问题的
1531 * @dev_port:      Used to differentiate devices that share //如果有多个网络接口实现相同的功能就会用到
1532 *              the same function
1533 * @addr_list_lock:    XXX: need comments on this one
1534 * @uc_promisc:        Counter that indicates promiscuous mode //我们知道，如果不是在混杂模式下，网卡只会接收发往自己的单播地址，但是如果同时想接收发往其他
1535 *              has been enabled due to the need to listen to //mac的单播地址，就需要添加到这里让驱动不要过滤掉
1536 *              additional unicast addresses in a device that
1537 *              does not implement ndo_set_rx_mode()
1538 * @uc:            unicast mac addresses //自己的单播地址
1539 * @mc:            multicast mac addresses //自己的广播地址
1540 * @dev_addrs:     list of device hw addresses //现在的设备可能同时使用多个mac地址，那么将会保留在这个链表里面
1541 * @queues_kset:       Group of all Kobjects in the Tx and RX queues //Tx和Rx链的对象
1542 * @promiscuity:       Number of times the NIC is told to work in //是否工作在混杂模式
1543 *              promiscuous mode; if it becomes 0 the NIC will
1544 *              exit promiscuous mode
1545 * @allmulti:      Counter, enables or disables allmulticast mode //开启或关闭allmulti功能，可以通过ifconfig命令设置
1546 *
1547 * @vlan_info: VLAN info //顾名思义
1548 * @dsa_ptr:   dsa specific data //下面是各种不同类型包
1549 * @tipc_ptr: TIPC specific data
1550 * @atalk_ptr: AppleTalk link
1552 * @dn_ptr:    DECnet specific data
1553 * @ip6_ptr:   IPv6 specific data //
1554 * @ax25_ptr: AX.25 specific data
1555 * @ieee80211_ptr: IEEE 802.11 specific data, assign before registering
1556 *
1557 * @dev_addr: Hw address (before bcast, //设备的mac地址
1558 *          because most packets are unicast)
1559 *
1560 * @_rx:           Array of RX queues //与发包相关的一些设置
1561 * @num_rx_queues:     Number of RX queues
1562 *              allocated at register_netdev() time
1563 * @real_num_rx_queues:    Number of RX queues currently active in device
1564 *
1565 * @rx_handler:        handler for received packets   //收包处理函数
1566 * @rx_handler_data:   XXX: need comments on this one
1567 * @ingress_queue:     XXX: need comments on this one
1568 * @broadcast:     hw bcast address //广播地址
1569 *
1570 * @rx_cpu_rmap:   CPU reverse-mapping for RX completion interrupts,
1571 *          indexed by RX queue number. Assigned by driver.
1572 *          This must only be set if the ndo_rx_flow_steer
1573 *          operation is defined
1574 * @index_hlist:       Device index hash chain
1575 *
1576 * @_tx:           Array of TX queues //与收报相关的以下设置
1577 * @num_tx_queues:     Number of TX queues allocated at alloc_netdev_mq() time
1578 * @real_num_tx_queues:    Number of TX queues currently active in device
1579 * @qdisc:         Root qdisc from userspace point of view
1580 * @tx_queue_len:      Max frames per queue allowed
1581 * @tx_global_lock:    XXX: need comments on this one
1582 *
1583 * @xps_maps: XXX: need comments on this one
1584 *
1585 * @watchdog_timeo:    Represents the timeout that is used by   //initial的时候该函数被初始化，网络层确定传输已经超时，将会调用driver中的tx_timeout处理时间
1586 *              the watchdog (see dev_watchdog())
1587 * @watchdog_timer:    List of timers
1588 *
1589 * @pcpu_refcnt:       Number of references to this device //该设备被多少个CPU引用
1590 * @todo_list:     Delayed register/unregister //下面是和卸载相关的一些设定
1591 * @link_watch_list:   XXX: need comments on this one
1592 *
1593 * @reg_state:     Register/unregister state machine
1594 * @dismantle:     Device is going to be freed
1595 * @rtnl_link_state:   This enum represents the phases of creating
1596 *              a new link
1597 *
1598 * @needs_free_netdev: Should unregister perform free_netdev?
1599 * @priv_destructor:   Called from unregister
1600 * @npinfo:        XXX: need comments on this one
1601 * @nd_net:        Network namespace this network device is inside
1602 *
1603 * @ml_priv:   Mid-layer private //统计信息
1604 * @lstats:    Loopback statistics
1605 * @tstats:    Tunnel statistics
1606 * @dstats:    Dummy statistics
1607 * @vstats:    Virtual ethernet statistics
1608 *
1609 * @garp_port: GARP //免费ARP接口
1610 * @mrp_port: MRP //MAR接口
1611 *
1612 * @dev:       Class/net/name entry   //虽然是网络设备，它终究是普通设备，所以它也有普通设备该有的属性，也就是struct device结构体里面的属性
1613 * @sysfs_groups: Space for optional device, statistics and wireless
1614 *          sysfs groups
1615 *
1616 * @sysfs_rx_queue_group: Space for optional per-rx queue attributes
1617 * @rtnl_link_ops: Rtnl_link_ops    //netlink接口操作函数
1618 *
1619 * @gso_max_size: Maximum size of generic segmentation offload
1620 * @gso_max_segs: Maximum number of segments that can be passed to the
1621 *          NIC for GSO
1622 *
1623 * @dcbnl_ops: Data Center Bridging netlink ops //桥接操作函数
1624 * @num_tc:    Number of traffic classes in the net device
1625 * @tc_to_txq: XXX: need comments on this one
1626 * @prio_tc_map:   XXX: need comments on this one
1627 *
1628 * @fcoe_ddp_xid: Max exchange id for FCoE LRO by ddp
1629 *
1630 * @priomap:   XXX: need comments on this one
1631 * @phydev:    Physical device may attach itself
1632 *          for hardware timestamping
1633 *
1634 * @qdisc_tx_busylock: lockdep class annotating Qdisc->busylock spinlock
1635 * @qdisc_running_key: lockdep class annotating Qdisc->running seqcount
1636 *
1637 * @proto_down:    protocol port state information can be sent to the
1638 *          switch driver and used to set the phys state of the
1639 *          switch port.
1640 *
1641 * FIXME: cleanup struct net_device such that network protocol info
1642 * moves out.
1643 */
1644

2. struct net_device 结构体

上面这些是对struct net_device的基本介绍，下面将进一步介绍结构体的具体定义，需要说明的是，这个结构体很重要，所以了解越详细越好。

1645 struct net_device {
1646     char            name[IFNAMSIZ];
1647     struct hlist_node   name_hlist;
1648     char            *ifalias;
1649     /*
1650      * I/O specific fields
1651      * FIXME: Merge these and struct ifmap into one
1652      */
1653     unsigned long       mem_end;
1654     unsigned long       mem_start;
1655     unsigned long       base_addr;
1656     int         irq;
1657
1658     atomic_t        carrier_changes;
1659
1660     /*
1661      * Some hardware also needs these fields (state,dev_list,
1662      * napi_list,unreg_list,close_list) but they are not
1663      * part of the usual set specified in Space.c.
1664      */
1665
1666     unsigned long       state;
1667
1668     struct list_head    dev_list;
1669     struct list_head    napi_list;
1670     struct list_head    unreg_list;
1671     struct list_head    close_list;
1672     struct list_head    ptype_all;
1673     struct list_head    ptype_specific;
1674
1675     struct {
1676         struct list_head upper;
1677         struct list_head lower;
1678     } adj_list;
1679
1680     netdev_features_t   features;
1681     netdev_features_t   hw_features;
1682     netdev_features_t   wanted_features;
1683     netdev_features_t   vlan_features;
1684     netdev_features_t   hw_enc_features;
1685     netdev_features_t   mpls_features;
1686     netdev_features_t   gso_partial_features;
1687
1688     int         ifindex;
1689     int         group;
1690
1691     struct net_device_stats stats;
1692
1693     atomic_long_t       rx_dropped;
1694     atomic_long_t       tx_dropped;
1695     atomic_long_t       rx_nohandler;
1696
1697 #ifdef CONFIG_WIRELESS_EXT
1698     const struct iw_handler_def *wireless_handlers;
1699     struct iw_public_data   *wireless_data;
1700 #endif
1701     const struct net_device_ops *netdev_ops;
1702     const struct ethtool_ops *ethtool_ops;
1703 #ifdef CONFIG_NET_SWITCHDEV
1704     const struct switchdev_ops *switchdev_ops;
1705 #endif
1706 #ifdef CONFIG_NET_L3_MASTER_DEV
1707     const struct l3mdev_ops *l3mdev_ops;
1708 #endif
1709 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_IPV6)
1710     const struct ndisc_ops *ndisc_ops;
1711 #endif
1712
1713 #ifdef CONFIG_XFRM
1714     const struct xfrmdev_ops *xfrmdev_ops;
1715 #endif
1716
1717     const struct header_ops *header_ops;
1718
1719     unsigned int        flags;
1720     unsigned int        priv_flags;
1721
1722     unsigned short      gflags;
1723     unsigned short      padded;
1724
1725     unsigned char       operstate;
1726     unsigned char       link_mode;
1727
1728     unsigned char       if_port;
1729     unsigned char       dma;
1730
1731     unsigned int        mtu;
1732     unsigned int        min_mtu;
1733     unsigned int        max_mtu;
1734     unsigned short      type;
1735     unsigned short      hard_header_len;
1736     unsigned char       min_header_len;
1737
1738     unsigned short      needed_headroom;
1739     unsigned short      needed_tailroom;
1740
1741     /* Interface address info. */
1742     unsigned char       perm_addr[MAX_ADDR_LEN];
1743     unsigned char       addr_assign_type;
1744     unsigned char       addr_len;
1745     unsigned short      neigh_priv_len;
1746     unsigned short          dev_id;
1747     unsigned short          dev_port;
1748     spinlock_t      addr_list_lock;
1749     unsigned char       name_assign_type;
1750     bool            uc_promisc;
1751     struct netdev_hw_addr_list uc;
1752     struct netdev_hw_addr_list mc;
1753     struct netdev_hw_addr_list dev_addrs;
1754
1755 #ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
1756     struct kset     *queues_kset;
1757 #endif
1758     unsigned int        promiscuity;
1759     unsigned int        allmulti;
1760
1761
1762     /* Protocol-specific pointers */
1763
1764 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_VLAN_8021Q)
1765     struct vlan_info __rcu *vlan_info;
1766 #endif
1767 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_NET_DSA)
1768     struct dsa_switch_tree *dsa_ptr;
1769 #endif
1770 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_TIPC)
1771     struct tipc_bearer __rcu *tipc_ptr;
1772 #endif
1773     void            *atalk_ptr;
1774     struct in_device __rcu *ip_ptr;
1775     struct dn_dev __rcu     *dn_ptr;
1776     struct inet6_dev __rcu *ip6_ptr;
1777     void            *ax25_ptr;
1778     struct wireless_dev *ieee80211_ptr;
1779     struct wpan_dev     *ieee802154_ptr;
1780 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MPLS_ROUTING)
1781     struct mpls_dev __rcu   *mpls_ptr;
1782 #endif
1783
1784 /*
1785 * Cache lines mostly used on receive path (including eth_type_trans())
1786 */
1787     /* Interface address info used in eth_type_trans() */
1788     unsigned char       *dev_addr;
1789
1790 #ifdef CONFIG_SYSFS
1791     struct netdev_rx_queue *_rx;
1792
1793     unsigned int        num_rx_queues;
1794     unsigned int        real_num_rx_queues;
1795 #endif
1796
1797     struct bpf_prog __rcu   *xdp_prog;
1798     unsigned long       gro_flush_timeout;
1799     rx_handler_func_t __rcu *rx_handler;
1800     void __rcu      *rx_handler_data;
1801
1802 #ifdef CONFIG_NET_CLS_ACT
1803     struct tcf_proto __rcu *ingress_cl_list;
1804 #endif
1805     struct netdev_queue __rcu *ingress_queue;
1806 #ifdef CONFIG_NETFILTER_INGRESS
1807     struct nf_hook_entry __rcu *nf_hooks_ingress;
1808 #endif
1809
1810     unsigned char       broadcast[MAX_ADDR_LEN];
1811 #ifdef CONFIG_RFS_ACCEL
1812     struct cpu_rmap     *rx_cpu_rmap;
1813 #endif
1814     struct hlist_node   index_hlist;
1815
1816 /*
1817 * Cache lines mostly used on transmit path
1818 */
1819     struct netdev_queue *_tx ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
1820     unsigned int        num_tx_queues;
1821     unsigned int        real_num_tx_queues;
1822     struct Qdisc        *qdisc;
1823 #ifdef CONFIG_NET_SCHED
1824     DECLARE_HASHTABLE   (qdisc_hash, 4);
1825 #endif
1826     unsigned long       tx_queue_len;
1827     spinlock_t      tx_global_lock;
1828     int         watchdog_timeo;
1829
1830 #ifdef CONFIG_XPS
1831     struct xps_dev_maps __rcu *xps_maps;
1832 #endif
1833 #ifdef CONFIG_NET_CLS_ACT
1834     struct tcf_proto __rcu *egress_cl_list;
1835 #endif
1836
1837     /* These may be needed for future network-power-down code. */
1838     struct timer_list   watchdog_timer;
1839
1840     int __percpu        *pcpu_refcnt;
1841     struct list_head    todo_list;
1842
1843     struct list_head    link_watch_list;
1844
1845     enum { NETREG_UNINITIALIZED=0,
1846            NETREG_REGISTERED,   /* completed register_netdevice */
1847            NETREG_UNREGISTERING,    /* called unregister_netdevice */
1848            NETREG_UNREGISTERED, /* completed unregister todo */
1849            NETREG_RELEASED,     /* called free_netdev */
1850            NETREG_DUMMY,        /* dummy device for NAPI poll */
1851     } reg_state:8;
1852
1853     bool dismantle;
1854
1855     enum {
1856         RTNL_LINK_INITIALIZED,
1857         RTNL_LINK_INITIALIZING,
1858     } rtnl_link_state:16;
1859
1860     bool needs_free_netdev;
1861     void (*priv_destructor)(struct net_device *dev);
1862
1863 #ifdef CONFIG_NETPOLL
1864     struct netpoll_info __rcu   *npinfo;
1865 #endif
1866
1867     possible_net_t          nd_net;
1868
1869     /* mid-layer private */
1870     union {
1871         void                    *ml_priv;
1872         struct pcpu_lstats __percpu     *lstats;
1873         struct pcpu_sw_netstats __percpu    *tstats;
1874         struct pcpu_dstats __percpu     *dstats;
1875         struct pcpu_vstats __percpu     *vstats;
1876     };
1877
1878 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GARP)
1879     struct garp_port __rcu *garp_port;
1880 #endif
1881 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_MRP)
1882     struct mrp_port __rcu   *mrp_port;
1883 #endif
1884
1885     struct device       dev;
1886     const struct attribute_group *sysfs_groups[4];
1887     const struct attribute_group *sysfs_rx_queue_group;
1888
1889     const struct rtnl_link_ops *rtnl_link_ops;
1890
1891     /* for setting kernel sock attribute on TCP connection setup */
1892 #define GSO_MAX_SIZE        65536
1893     unsigned int        gso_max_size;
1894 #define GSO_MAX_SEGS        65535
1895     u16         gso_max_segs;
1896
1897 #ifdef CONFIG_DCB
1898     const struct dcbnl_rtnl_ops *dcbnl_ops;
1899 #endif
1900     u8          num_tc;
1901     struct netdev_tc_txq    tc_to_txq[TC_MAX_QUEUE];
1902     u8          prio_tc_map[TC_BITMASK + 1];
1903
1904 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_FCOE)
1905     unsigned int        fcoe_ddp_xid;
1906 #endif
1907 #if IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CGROUP_NET_PRIO)
1908     struct netprio_map __rcu *priomap;
1909 #endif
1910     struct phy_device   *phydev;
1911     struct lock_class_key   *qdisc_tx_busylock;
1912     struct lock_class_key   *qdisc_running_key;
1913     bool            proto_down;
1914 };
1915 #define to_net_dev(d) container_of(d, struct net_device, dev)

3. 网络设备有关的结构组织

net_device结构包含了网络设备驱动相关的所有信息，按照信息的分类又把一些类型的信息组织到其他结构中，并嵌套在net_device 里面，比如与ipv4相关的配置嵌套在 in_device结构中，驱动的私有数据则嵌套在struct device中：

网络设备是通过多条链表串连在一起的，具体怎么串连稍后再讲。我们前面看到了，每一个net_device结构体都是由多个成员组成的，然而每个成员也有可能组成那么自己的链表，比如mc_list和ip_ptr，还有priv，虽然这个版本没有明确的定义priv这个指针，但是从alloc_netdev函数可以知道仍然为它保留着，只要传进去的sizeof_priv大于0.

下面我们看看其中一个很重要的成员ip_ptr (struct in_device __rcu *ip_ptr)。它是一个头指针，指向struct in_device对象，那它表示什么意思呢？我们知道，每一个网络设备都可以设置IP地址，而且这些参数也可以通过应用层进行修改，这些信息是每一个接口独有的，虽然并不是每一个都需要设置这些信息，但设置的时候，它的存放位置就是在in_ptr指定链表里面。

下面我们来对比一下代码和实际输出：
root:/# ifconfig br-lan
br-lan    Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0A:02:8E:93:DD:3B
          inet addr:192.168.1.129 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::802:8eff:fe93:dd3b/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
          RX packets:211672 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:120803 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:15794642 (15.0 MiB) TX bytes:24446287 (23.3 MiB)

 23 struct in_device {
 24     struct net_device   *dev;  //它绕回去指向net_device结构体头部
 25     atomic_t        refcnt;   //这个对象被引用多少次
 26     int         dead;
 27     struct in_ifaddr    *ifa_list;  /* IP ifaddr chain      */
 28   为什么是链表里面？一个结构体对象不久够了吗？事实是一个接口往往不仅可以设置多个mac地址，当然也可以设置多个IP地址，最常见的是IPv4地址和IPv6地址。
 29     struct ip_mc_list __rcu *mc_list;   /* IP multicast filter chain    */
 30     struct ip_mc_list __rcu * __rcu *mc_hash;
 31
 32     int         mc_count;   /* Number of installed mcasts   */
 33     spinlock_t      mc_tomb_lock;
 34     struct ip_mc_list   *mc_tomb;
 35     unsigned long       mr_v1_seen;
 36     unsigned long       mr_v2_seen;
 37     unsigned long       mr_maxdelay;
 38     unsigned char       mr_qrv;
 39     unsigned char       mr_gq_running;
 40     unsigned char       mr_ifc_count;
 41     struct timer_list   mr_gq_timer;    /* general query timer */
 42     struct timer_list   mr_ifc_timer;   /* interface change timer */
 43
 44     struct neigh_parms  *arp_parms;
 45     struct ipv4_devconf cnf;
 46     struct rcu_head     rcu_head;
 47 };

下面这个图是关于ip_ptr和priv两者的内存分配关系，这里需要注意的是，ip_ptr指向的链表是内存随机分配空间的，但是priv则不一样，他的空间是紧紧接在net_device结构体后面的！

1.设备无关层采用 in_device{}数据结构保存 IP 地址和邻居信息——虽然是间接的
2.网络抽象层采用 net_device{}数据结构保存设备的名字、编号、地址等共性
3.设备特定层的数据则有设备驱动开发人员自己定义，一般有硬件发送、接收缓冲区、芯片寄存器的信息等等。这片内存区一般是紧跟在 net_device{}后面，由驱动程序在创建 net_device{}的时候顺带把这块内存也创建了。当然还是用 priv指针指向，以方便访问。
虽然说priv指向的私有数据空间是紧接在net_device后面，其实实际上更应该像这样添加了字节对齐：

为了更好的理解这一点，我们直接看代码：

7851 struct net_device *alloc_netdev_mqs(int sizeof_priv, const char *name,
7852         unsigned char name_assign_type,
7853         void (*setup)(struct net_device *),
7854         unsigned int txqs, unsigned int rxqs)
7855 {
7856     struct net_device *dev;
7857     size_t alloc_size;
7858     struct net_device *p;
7859
         .......
7873
7874     alloc_size = sizeof(struct net_device);  //这里获取到net_device的大小
7875     if (sizeof_priv) {   //看一下传进来的希望申请的私有空间大小是多少
7876         /* ensure 32-byte alignment of private area */
7877         alloc_size = ALIGN(alloc_size, NETDEV_ALIGN);  //对齐
7878         alloc_size += sizeof_priv;
7879     }
7880     /* ensure 32-byte alignment of whole construct */
7881     alloc_size += NETDEV_ALIGN - 1; //32-1=31
7882
7883     p = kvzalloc(alloc_size, GFP_KERNEL | __GFP_REPEAT); //这就是net_device和priv一起申请空间的地方

这样就组成了多个net_device结构：

前面说过，net_device是由多种链表串连在一起的，那么是由哪些链表呢？我们来看看：