PostgreSQL自带的命令行工具07- pg_dump
基础信息
OS版本:Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 7.9 (Maipo)
DB版本:16.2
pg软件目录:/home/pg16/soft
pg数据目录:/home/pg16/data
端口:5777
pg_dump 是 PostgreSQL 中用于备份数据库的一个命令行工具。它生成的是一个 SQL 脚本或其他档案文件格式,这个脚本包含了重建数据库所需的数据定义语言 (DDL) 语句(如创建表、索引等),以及插入数据所需的数据操纵语言 (DML) 语句(如插入语句)。 pg_dump 对于执行定期备份和迁移数据库至不同服务器非常有用。
通过help查看帮助文档。
[pg16@test ~]$ pg_dump --help
pg_dump dumps a database as a text file or to other formats.
Usage:
pg_dump [OPTION]... [DBNAME]
General options:
-f, --file=FILENAME output file or directory name
-F, --format=c|d|t|p output file format (custom, directory, tar,
plain text (default))
-j, --jobs=NUM use this many parallel jobs to dump
-v, --verbose verbose mode
-V, --version output version information, then exit
-Z, --compress=METHOD[:DETAIL]
compress as specified
--lock-wait-timeout=TIMEOUT fail after waiting TIMEOUT for a table lock
--no-sync do not wait for changes to be written safely to disk
-?, --help show this help, then exit
Options controlling the output content:
-a, --data-only dump only the data, not the schema
-b, --large-objects include large objects in dump
--blobs (same as --large-objects, deprecated)
-B, --no-large-objects exclude large objects in dump
--no-blobs (same as --no-large-objects, deprecated)
-c, --clean clean (drop) database objects before recreating
-C, --create include commands to create database in dump
-e, --extension=PATTERN dump the specified extension(s) only
-E, --encoding=ENCODING dump the data in encoding ENCODING
-n, --schema=PATTERN dump the specified schema(s) only
-N, --exclude-schema=PATTERN do NOT dump the specified schema(s)
-O, --no-owner skip restoration of object ownership in
plain-text format
-s, --schema-only dump only the schema, no data
-S, --superuser=NAME superuser user name to use in plain-text format
-t, --table=PATTERN dump only the specified table(s)
-T, --exclude-table=PATTERN do NOT dump the specified table(s)
-x, --no-privileges do not dump privileges (grant/revoke)
--binary-upgrade for use by upgrade utilities only
--column-inserts dump data as INSERT commands with column names
--disable-dollar-quoting disable dollar quoting, use SQL standard quoting
--disable-triggers disable triggers during data-only restore
--enable-row-security enable row security (dump only content user has
access to)
--exclude-table-and-children=PATTERN
do NOT dump the specified table(s), including
child and partition tables
--exclude-table-data=PATTERN do NOT dump data for the specified table(s)
--exclude-table-data-and-children=PATTERN
do NOT dump data for the specified table(s),
including child and partition tables
--extra-float-digits=NUM override default setting for extra_float_digits
--if-exists use IF EXISTS when dropping objects
--include-foreign-data=PATTERN
include data of foreign tables on foreign
servers matching PATTERN
--inserts dump data as INSERT commands, rather than COPY
--load-via-partition-root load partitions via the root table
--no-comments do not dump comments
--no-publications do not dump publications
--no-security-labels do not dump security label assignments
--no-subscriptions do not dump subscriptions
--no-table-access-method do not dump table access methods
--no-tablespaces do not dump tablespace assignments
--no-toast-compression do not dump TOAST compression methods
--no-unlogged-table-data do not dump unlogged table data
--on-conflict-do-nothing add ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING to INSERT commands
--quote-all-identifiers quote all identifiers, even if not key words
--rows-per-insert=NROWS number of rows per INSERT; implies --inserts
--section=SECTION dump named section (pre-data, data, or post-data)
--serializable-deferrable wait until the dump can run without anomalies
--snapshot=SNAPSHOT use given snapshot for the dump
--strict-names require table and/or schema include patterns to
match at least one entity each
--table-and-children=PATTERN dump only the specified table(s), including
child and partition tables
--use-set-session-authorization
use SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of
ALTER OWNER commands to set ownership
Connection options:
-d, --dbname=DBNAME database to dump
-h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory
-p, --port=PORT database server port number
-U, --username=NAME connect as specified database user
-w, --no-password never prompt for password
-W, --password force password prompt (should happen automatically)
--role=ROLENAME do SET ROLE before dump
If no database name is supplied, then the PGDATABASE environment
variable value is used.
Report bugs to <pgsql-bugs@lists.postgresql.org>.
PostgreSQL home page: <https://www.postgresql.org/>
基本用法
pg_dump [选项] 数据库名
示例1
备份整个数据库white到一个文件
[pg16@test backup]$ pg_dump white > /home/pg16/backup/white_20240504.sql
[pg16@test backup]$ ll
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 pg16 pg16 1232 May 4 01:47 white_20240504.sql
这个命令将 `white` 数据库的内容导出到 `white_20240504.sql` 文件中。
示例2
备份数据库white下的yewu1.t4 表到一个文件。
[pg16@test backup]$ pg_dump -t 'yewu1.t4' white > /home/pg16/backup/yewu1.t4.sql
[pg16@test backup]$ ll
total 8
-rw-rw-r-- 1 pg16 pg16 825 May 4 01:58 yewu1.t4.sql
使用 `-t` 或 `--table` 选项可以限制输出仅包含指定的表。
示例3
以自定义格式备份并压缩
[pg16@test backup]$ pg_dump -Fc white > /home/pg16/backup/white_20240504.dmp
[pg16@test backup]$ ll
total 16
-rw-rw-r-- 1 pg16 pg16 5227 May 4 01:59 white_20240504.dmp
使用 `-Fc` 选项创建一个自定义格式的备份文件。这种格式较小,可以通过 `pg_restore` 命令进行更灵活的还原。
主要选项
-F, --format=c|d|t|p
:选择输出格式。c = 自定义,d = 目录,t = tar,p = 纯文本(默认)。-f, --file=文件名
:将输出写入指定文件,而不是标准输出。-j, --jobs=并发作业数
:使用指定数量的并发作业进行并行导出。这仅适用于某些格式。-t, --table=表名
:仅导出指定的表。-v, --verbose
:详细模式。-Z, --compress=压缩等级
:为自定义格式输出选择压缩等级(0到9)。-C, --create
:在输出中包括 SQL 命令以创建数据库本身。-d, --inserts
:使用 INSERT 命令代替 COPY 来插入数据。-n, --schema=模式名
:仅导出指定的模式。-O, --no-owner
:跳过输出文件中的所有者(即不设置所有者)。
注意事项
- pg_dump 对数据库执行一致性备份,即使在备份进行时数据库仍然在接受写操作。
- 为了还原 pg_dump 输出的备份,可以使用 psql 或 pg_restore ,这取决于备份的格式。
- 对于较大的数据库,考虑使用自定义格式或目录格式,并利用并行备份功能来加快速度。
- 需要适当的数据库访问权限来执行备份。
pg_dump 是数据库维护和管理的重要工具之一,掌握其使用对于保证数据的安全和灵活迁移至关重要。
谨记:心存敬畏,行有所止。