DQL
MySQL源码
库和表
myemployees表
girls表
student表
DQL
基础查询
#进阶1:基础查询
/*
语法:
select 查询列表 from 表名;
特点:
1.查询列表可以是:表中的字段、常量值、表达式
2.查询结果是一个虚拟的表格
*/
#每次查询之前,要先打开对应的库,SQLyog软件的左上方也可以手动选择打卡哪个库
USE myemployees ;
#1.查询表中的单个字段
SELECT last_name FROM employees;
#2.查询表中的多个字段
SELECT last_name,salary,email FROM employees;
#3.查询表中的所有字段
#方式一:
SELECT
`employee_id`,
`first_name`,
`last_name`,
`email`,
`phone_number`,
`job_id`,
`salary`,
`commission_pct`,
`manager_id`,
`department_id`,
`hiredate`
FROM
employees ;
#方式二:
SELECT * FROM employees;
#4.查询常量值
SELECT 100;
SELECT 'john';#SQL不区分字符和字符串,统一用单引号
#5.查询表达式
SELECT 100*98;
#6.查询函数
SELECT VERSION();
#7.起别名
/*
好处:
1.便于理解
2.若要查询的字段有重名,使用别名可以区分出来
注意:别名在select内部时不可重复使用,select外部的语句可以使用
*/
#方式一:AS
SELECT 100%98 AS 结果;
SELECT last_name AS 姓,first_name AS 名 FROM employees;
#方式二:省略AS,使用空格
SELECT last_name 姓,first_name 名 FROM employees;
#案例:查询salary,显示结果为out put
#分析:别名中含有特殊字符时,例如空格、#时,使用双引号将别名引起来,
#单引号也可也,但建议使用双引号
SELECT salary AS "out put" FROM employees;
#8.去重 distinct
#案例:查询员工表中涉及到的所有的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;
#9.+的作用
/*
java中:
1.运算符:两个操作数都是数组型
2.连接符:主要有一个是字符串,结果就为字符串
MySQL中:
只表示运算符
select 100+90; 190 两个操作数都是数值型,做加法运算
select '123'+90; 213 其中一方为字符型,试图将字符型转换成数值型,
若转换成功,做加法运算
select 'join'+90; 90 如果转换失败,则将字符型转换为0,再做加法运算
select null+其他; null 只要其中一方为null,结果肯定为null(concat()也是)
*/
#案例:查询员工的姓和名,连接为一个字段,并显示 姓名
SELECT last_name+first_name AS 姓名 FROM employees;
#拼接函数 concat(str1,str2...);
SELECT CONCAT('a','b','c') AS 结果;
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,first_name) AS 姓名 FROM employees;
#练习:显示出表employees的所有列,用‘,'隔开,列头显示out_put(以前某几列为例)
SELECT
CONCAT(
`first_name`,
',',
`last_name`,
',',
`email`,
`commission_pct`
) AS out_put
FROM
employees ;
#结果为null,原因是commission_pct中有些值是null,在拼接其他值时结果为null
#ifnull(expr1,expr2)将expr1中值为null的用expr2代替
SELECT
IFNULL(commission_pct, 0) AS 奖金率,
commission_pct
FROM
employees ;
#上述拼接可以修改成:
SELECT
CONCAT(
`first_name`,
',',
`last_name`,
',',
`email`,
IFNULL(`commission_pct`,0)
) AS out_put
FROM
employees ;
条件查询
#进阶2:条件查询
/*
语法:
select 查询列表 from 表名 where 筛选条件;
分类:
一、按条件表达式筛选
条件运算符:> < = != <> >= <=
二、按逻辑表达式筛选
作用:用于连接条件表达式
逻辑运算符:&& || ! and or not
三、模糊查询
like
between and
in
is null/is not null
*/
#一、按条件表达式筛选
#案例1:查询工资>12000的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary>12000;
#案例2:查询部门编号不等于90的员工名和部门编号
SELECT
last_name,
first_name,
department_id
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id <> 90 ;
#二、按逻辑表达式筛选
#案例1:查询工资在10000和20000之间的员工名、工资和奖金
SELECT
`last_name`,
`first_name`,
`salary`,
`commission_pct`
FROM
`employees`
WHERE `salary` >= 10000
AND `salary` <= 20000 ;
#案例2:查询部门编号不在90到110之间或工资高于15000的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
`employees`
WHERE NOT (
`department_id` >= 90
AND `department_id` <= 150
)
OR (salary > 15000) ;
#三、模糊查询
#1.like
/*
特点:
1.一般和通配符搭配使用
通配符:
% 任意多个字符,包含0个字符
_ 任意单个字符,不包含0个字符
转义字符:
\
escape ''自定义(建议使用)
2.通配符不能表示null
*/
#案例1:查询员工名中包含字符a的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
`employees`
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%' ;
#案例2:查询员工名中第三个字符为n,第五个字符为l的员工名和工资
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '__n_l%';
#案例3:查询员工名中第二个字符为_的员工名
#转义字符\
SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_\_%';
#自定义转义字符
SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_$_%' ESCAPE '$';
#between and
/*
1.使用between and可以提高语句的简洁度
2.包含临界值,即>=,<=
3.两个临界值不能调换顺序
*/
#案例1:查询员工编号在100到120之间的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id >= 100
AND employee_id <= 120 ;
#----------------------------
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id BETWEEN 100
AND 120 ;
#in
/*
含义:用于判断某字段的值是否属于in列表中的某一项
特点:
1.提高语句的简洁度
2.in列表的值类型必须与被查询字段的的值类型必须统一或兼容
3.不支持通配符
*/
#案例1:查询员工的工种编号是IT_PROG、AD_VP、AD_PRES中其一的员工名和工种编号
SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
OR job_id = 'AD_VP'
OR job_id = 'AD_PRES' ;
#--------------------------
SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id IN ('IT_PROG', 'AD_VP', 'AD_PRES') ;
#4.is null/is not null
/*
1. =或<>不能判断null
is null或is not null可以判断null
*/
#案例1:查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
`commission_pct`
FROM
`employees`
WHERE `commission_pct` IS NULL ;
#案例1:查询有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
`commission_pct`
FROM
`employees`
WHERE `commission_pct` IS NOT NULL ;
#补充:安全等于<=>
/*
可以判断普通值也可以判断null
可读性较差
建议使用is null/is not null
*/
#案例1:查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
`commission_pct`
FROM
`employees`
WHERE `commission_pct` <=> NULL ;
#案例2:查询工资为12000的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
`employees`
WHERE salary <=> 12000 ;
#练习:查询员工编号为176的员工的姓名、部门号以及年薪
SELECT
CONCAT(last_name, ' ', first_name) AS 姓名,
employee_id,
salary * 12 * (1+ IFNULL(commission_pct, 0)) AS 年薪
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 176 ;
排序查询
#进阶3:排序查询
/*
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表名
where 筛选条件
order by 排序列表 asc/desc;
特点:
1.asc可以省略,不写默认升序
2.order by子句支持单个字段,多个字段,函数,表达式,别名
3.order by子句一般放在查询语句的最后面,limit子句除外
*/
#案例1:查询员工信息,员工工资从高到低排序
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
ORDER BY salary DESC ;
#案例2:查询部门编号>=90的员工信息,按入职时间先后进行排序
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id >= 90
ORDER BY hiredate ASC ;
#案例3:按表达式排序:按年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年薪
SELECT
*,
salary * 12 * (1+ IFNULL(`commission_pct`, 0)) AS 年薪
FROM
employees
ORDER BY salary * 12 * (1+ IFNULL(`commission_pct`, 0)) DESC ;
#案例4:按别名排序:按年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年薪
SELECT
*,
salary * 12 * (1+ IFNULL(`commission_pct`, 0)) AS 年薪
FROM
employees
ORDER BY 年薪 DESC ;
#案例5:按函数排序;按姓名的长度显示员工的姓名和工资
#长度函数:length(str)
SELECT
CONCAT(last_name, first_name) AS 姓名,
salary
FROM
employees
ORDER BY LENGTH(姓名) ;
#案例6:查询员工信息,先按工资升序排序,再按员工编号降序排序
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
ORDER BY salary ASC,
employee_id DESC ;#先按工资升序排,工资相同时,按照编号降序排
#练习
#1.查询员工的姓名、部门编号以及年薪,并按照年薪降序,姓名升序
SELECT
last_name,
department_id,
salary * 12 * (1+ IFNULL(`commission_pct`, 0)) AS 年薪
FROM
employees
ORDER BY 年薪 DESC,
last_name ASC ;
#2.选择工资不在8000到17000的员工的姓名和工资,按工资降序
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 8000
AND 17000
ORDER BY salary DESC ;
#3.查询邮箱中包含e的员工信息,先按邮箱长度降序,再按部门号升序
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE email LIKE '%e%'
ORDER BY LENGTH(email) DESC,
department_id ASC ;
常见函数之单行函数
USE myemployees;
#进阶4-1:常见函数之单行函数
/*
概念:类似于java中的方法
好处:1.隐藏实现细节 2.提高代码的复用性
调用:select 函数名(实参列表) [from 表名]
特点:1.叫什么(函数名) 2.干什么(函数功能)
分类:1.单行函数,如concat()、isnull()、length()
(1)字符函数
(2)数学函数
(3)日期函数
(4)其他函数
(5)流程控制函数
2.分组函数:做统计使用,又称统计函数、聚合函数、组函数等
*/
#单行函数
#一、字符函数
/*
1.length(str) 获取str字节长度
2.concat(str1, str2,...) 拼接
3.upper(str) lower(str) 大小写
4.substr()截取,注意:索引从1开始
(1)substr(str,pos) 截取从pos开始到结尾的子串
(2)substr(str,pos,len) 截取从pos开始长度为len的子串
5.instr(str,substr) 返回substr在str中第一次出现的位置
6.trim()
(1)trim(str) 去除str前后的空格
(2)trim('char' from str) 去除str中前后指定的字符
7.lpad(str,len,padstr) 用padstr左填充str,最终长度为len
如果str长度小于len,则从左到右截取
长度为len的字符串
8.rpad(str,len padstr) 右填充,与lpad()相同
9.replace(str,from_str,to_str) 用to_str替换str中的所有from_str
*/
#案例1:姓名的首字母大写,其他小写,然后再拼接
SELECT
CONCAT(
UPPER(SUBSTR(last_name, 1, 1)),
'_',
LOWER(SUBSTR(last_name, 2))
) AS output
FROM
employees ;
#案例2:去除前后字符a
SELECT TRIM('a' FROM 'aaa1a2aaa3aa') AS output ;
#二、数学函数
/*
1.round(x) 四舍五入,round(x,D) 四舍五入保留D位小数
2.ceil(x) 向上取整
3.floor(x) 向下取整
4.truncate(x,D) 截断,只保留小数点后D位,其余位之间丢弃
5.mod(x) 取模
*/
#三、日期函数
/*
1.now() 返回当前系统日期 + 时间
2.curdate() 返回当前系统日期
3.curtime() 返回当前系统时间
4.year(date),month(date),day(date),
hour(date),minute(date),second(date)
5.str_to_date:将日期格式的字符转换成指定格式的日期
%Y 四位年份
%y 两位年份
%m 月份:01,02,...,12
%c 月份:1,2,...,12
%d 日期: 01,02,...
%H 时间:24小时制
%h 时间:12小时制
%i 分钟:00,01,...,59
%s 秒:00,01,...,59
select str_to_date('9-13-1999','%m-%d-%Y'); 1999-09-13
6.date_format() 将日期转换成字符
select date_format('2018/6/6','%Y年%m月%d日'); 2018年6月6日
*/
#案例1:查询当前年份
SELECT YEAR(NOW());
#案例2:查询员工入职年份
SELECT
YEAR(hiredate),
MONTH(hiredate),
DAY(hiredate)
FROM
employees ;#使用到了字段,就要from表
#案例3:查询入职时间为1992-4-3的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE hiredate = STR_TO_DATE('1992-4-3', '%Y-%m-%d') ;
#案例4:
SELECT DATE_FORMAT(NOW(),'%Y年%m月%d日') AS output;
#案例5:查询有奖金的员工名和入职日期(xx月/xx日 xx年)
SELECT
last_name,
DATE_FORMAT(hiredate, '%m月/%d日 %y年')
FROM
employees
WHERE `commission_pct` IS NOT NULL ;
#四、其他函数
/*
1.version() 查看MySQL版本
2.database() 查看当前数据库
3.user() 查看当前用户
*/
#五、流程控制函数
/*
1.if(expr1,expr2,expr3) 若expr1为true,则返回expr2,否则返回expr3
2.case:
(1)switch case:
case 要判断的字段或表达式
when 常量1 then 要显示的语句1;或值1
when 常量2 then 要显示的语句2;或值2
...
else 要显示的语句2;或值2
end
(2)多重if:
case
when 条件1 then 要显示的语句1;或值1
when 条件2 then 要显示的语句2;或值2
...
else 要显示的语句n;或值n
end
*/
#案例1:查询有无奖金的员工名,并分别为有无奖金添加备注
SELECT
last_name,
IF(
`commission_pct` IS NOT NULL,
'有奖金',
'没奖金'
) AS 备注
FROM
employees ;
#案例2:查询员工的工资
/*
要求:
部门号=30,显示的工资为1.1倍
部门号=40,显示的工资为1.2倍
部门号=50,显示的工资为1.3倍
其他部门,显示的工资为原工资
*/
SELECT
department_id,
salary AS 原始工资,
CASE
department_id
WHEN department_id = 30
THEN salary * 1.1
WHEN department_id = 40
THEN salary * 1.2
WHEN department_id = 50
THEN salary * 1.3
ELSE salary
END AS 新工资
FROM
employees ;
#案例3:查询员工的工资情况
/*
要求:
工资>20000,显示A级别
工资>15000,显示B级别
工资>10000,显示C级别
其他,显示D级别
*/
SELECT
salary,
CASE
WHEN salary > 20000
THEN 'A'
WHEN salary > 15000
THEN 'B'
WHEN salary > 10000
THEN 'C'
ELSE 'D'
END AS 工资等级
FROM
employees ;
#练习
#1.显示系统时间(日期+时间)
SELECT NOW();
#2.查询员工号、姓名、工资,以及工资提高20%后的结果
SELECT
`employee_id`,
`last_name`,
`salary`,
salary * 1.2 AS 新工资
FROM
employees ;
#3.将员工的姓名按首字母排序,并写出姓名的长度
SELECT
last_name,
LENGTH(last_name) AS 长度
FROM
employees
ORDER BY SUBSTR(last_name, 1, 1) ;
#4.
SELECT
CONCAT(
last_name,
' earns ',
salary,
' monthly but wants ',
salary * 3
) AS 'Dream salary'
FROM
employees
WHERE salary = 24000 ;
#5.
SELECT
last_name,
job_id AS job,
CASE
WHEN job_id = 'AD_PRES'
THEN 'A'
WHEN job_id = 'ST_MAN'
THEN 'B'
WHEN job_id = 'IT_PROG'
THEN 'C'
WHEN job_id = 'BA_PRE'
THEN 'D'
WHEN job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
THEN 'E'
END AS grade
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'AD_PRES' ;
#-------------------------
SELECT
last_name,
job_id AS job,
CASE
job_id
WHEN 'AD_PRES'
THEN 'A'
WHEN 'ST_MAN'
THEN 'B'
WHEN 'IT_PROG'
THEN 'C'
WHEN job_id = 'BA_PRE'
THEN 'D'
WHEN job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
THEN 'E'
END AS grade
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'AD_PRES' ;
常见函数之分组函数
USE myemployees;
#进阶4-2:常见函数之分组函数
/*
分类:
(1)sum() 求和
(2)avg() 平均值
(3)max() 最大值
(4)min() 最小值
(5)count() 计算个数
注意:
(1)sum()、avg()只能处理数值型数据
max()、min()、count()可以处理任何类型数据
(2)以上分组函数都忽略null值
(3)参数部分可以使用distinct实现去重
(4)count(*) 常用来统计总行数
(5)和分组函数一同查询的字段必须是group by后的字段
*/
#1.简单使用
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT ROUND(AVG(salary),2) FROM employees;
SELECT
MAX(salary) AS 最高,
MIN(salary) AS 最低,
COUNT(salary) AS 总数
FROM
employees ;
#2.distinct
SELECT SUM(DISTINCT salary) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT salary) FROM employees;
#count()详细介绍
#3.统计总行数 count(*) count(1)
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees;
#4.和分组函数一同查询的字段必须是group by后的字段
#下面的查询语句是错误的,结果中的employee_id无意义
SELECT SUM(salary),employee_id FROM employees;
#练习
#1.查询公司员工工资的最大值,最小值,平均值,总和
SELECT
MAX(salary),
MIN(salary),
AVG(salary),
SUM(salary)
FROM
employees ;
#2.查询员工表中的最大入职时间和最小入职时间相差的天数
#datediff(expr1,expr2) 返回两个日期的差值
SELECT
DATEDIFF(MAX(hiredate), MIN(hiredate)) AS diffierence
FROM
employees ;
#3.查询部门编号为90的员工个数
SELECT
COUNT(*) AS 个数
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id = 90 ;
分组查询
#进阶5:分组查询
/*
语法:
select 分组函数, 列(要求出现在group by后面)
from 表名
[where 删选条件]
group by 分组列表
[order by 子句]
注意:查询列表要求是分组函数和group by后出现的字段
特点:1. 数据源 位置 关键字
分组前筛选 原始表 group by子句前面 where
分组后筛选 分组后的结果表 group by子句后面 having
分组函数做条件肯定放在having子句中
能用分组前筛选的尽量使用分组前筛选
2.group by子句支持单个字段分组、多个字段分组(多个字段之间
用逗号隔开,没有顺序要求)、函数或表达式
3.可以添加排序order by子句,放在整个分组查询的最后
*/
#案例1:查询每个工种的最高工资
SELECT
MAX(salary),
job_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY job_id ;
#案例2:查询每个位置上的部门个数
SELECT
COUNT(*),
location_id
FROM
departments
GROUP BY location_id ;
#添加筛选条件
#案例1:查询邮箱中包含字符a的每个部门的平均工资
SELECT
AVG(salary),
department_id
FROM
employees
WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
GROUP BY department_id ;
#案例2:查询有奖金的每个领导手下员工的最高工资
SELECT
MAX(salary),
manager_id
FROM
employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id ;
#添加分组后的筛选条件
/*
当筛选条件在原始表中不存在时,使用:
having + 筛选条件
追加在group by后面
*/
#案例1:查询哪个部门的员工个数大于2
#(1)查询每个部门的员工个数
#(2)根据(1)查询员工个数大于2的部门
SELECT
COUNT(*),
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING COUNT(*) > 2 ;
#案例2:查询每个工种中,有奖金且最高工资>12000的员工的工种编号和最高工资
SELECT
employee_id,
MAX(salary),
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 12000 ;
#案例3:查询领导编号>102的每个领导手下的最低工资>5000的领导编号是哪个,
#以及其最低工资
SELECT
manager_id,
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE manager_id > 102
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary) > 5000 ;
#按函数或表达式分组
#案例:按员工姓名长度分组,查询每一组的员工个数,并筛选员工个数>5的有哪些
SELECT
COUNT(*) AS 个数,
LENGTH(last_name) AS 姓名长度
FROM
employees
GROUP BY LENGTH(last_name)
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5 ;
#按多个字段分组
#案例:查询每个部门每个工种的员工的平均工资
SELECT
AVG(salary),
department_id,
job_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id,
job_id ;
#添加排序
#案例:查询每个部门每个工种的员工的平均工资,并按照平均工资的高低排序
SELECT
AVG(salary),
department_id,
job_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id,
job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC ;
#练习
#1.查询各job_id的员工工资的最大值,最小值,平均值,总和,并按job_id升序
SELECT
MAX(salary),
MIN(salary),
AVG(salary),
SUM(salary),
job_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY job_id ASC ;
#2.查询员工最高工资和最低工资的差距
SELECT
MAX(salary) - MIN(salary)
FROM
employees ;
#3.查询各个管理者手下员工的最低工资,其中最低工资不低于6000,没有管理者的员工不计算在内
SELECT
MIN(salary),
manager_id
FROM
employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >= 6000 ;
#4.查询所有部门的编号,员工数量和平均工资,并按平均工资降序
SELECT
department_id,
COUNT(*),
AVG(salary)
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC ;
#5.查询各个job_id的员工人数
SELECT
COUNT(*),
job_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY job_id ;
连接查询
sql92
#进阶6:连接查询
/*
含义:又称多表查询,当要查询的字段来自于多个表时,就会用到连接查询
笛卡尔成乘积现象:表1有m行,表2有n行,结果m*n行
发生原因:没有有效的连接条件
如何避免:添加有效的连接条件
分类:
按年代分类:
sql92:只支持内连接
sql99(推荐使用):支持内连接、外连接(不支持全外连接)、交叉连接
按功能分类:
内连接:
等值连接
非等值连接
自连接
外连接:
左外连接
右外连接
全外连接
交叉连接
*/
#一、sql92标准
#1.等值连接
/*
(1)多表的等值连接的结果为多表的交集部分
(2)n表连接,至少需要(n-1)个连接条件
(3)多表的顺序没有要求
(4)一般需要为表起别名
(5)可以搭配筛选、分组、排序等语句使用
*/
#案例1:查询每个girl对应的boy
SELECT
`name`,
boyName
FROM
beauty,
boys
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id = boys.id ;
#案例2:查询员工名和对应的部门名
SELECT
last_name AS 员工名,
department_name AS 部门名
FROM
employees,
departments
WHERE employees.`department_id` = departments.`department_id` ;
#2.为表起别名
/*
(1)提高语句的简洁度
(2)区分多个重名的字段
注意:如果为表起了别名,则查询的字段就不能再使用原来的表名去限定,而只能用别名
*/
#案例1:查询员工名,工种号,工种名
SELECT
last_name,
employees.job_id,
job_title
FROM
employees,
jobs #两个表的顺序可以调换
WHERE employees.`job_id` = jobs.`job_id` ;
#-----------------------------------------
SELECT
last_name,
e.job_id,
job_title
FROM
employees AS e,
jobs AS j
WHERE e.`job_id` = j.`job_id` ;
#3.添加筛选:使用 and or not
#案例1:查询有奖金的员工名和部门名
SELECT
last_name,
department_name
FROM
employees e,
departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
AND e.`commission_pct` IS NOT NULL ;
#案例2:查询城市名中第二个字符为o的城市名和部门名
SELECT
city,
department_name
FROM
locations l,
departments d
WHERE l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
AND city LIKE '_o%' ;
#4.添加分组
#案例1:查询每个城市的部门个数
SELECT
COUNT(*) 个数,
city 城市
FROM
locations AS l,
departments AS d
WHERE l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
GROUP BY city ;
#案例2:查询有奖金的每个部门的部门名、部门的领导编号和该部门的最低工资
SELECT
department_name,
d.manager_id,
MIN(salary),
d.department_id
FROM
departments AS d,
employees AS e
WHERE d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
AND commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY d.`department_id` ;
#5.添加排序
#案例:查询每个工种的工种名和员工的个数,并按照员工的个数降序
SELECT
job_title,
COUNT(*),
j.job_id
FROM
employees e,
jobs j
WHERE e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
GROUP BY j.job_id
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC ;
#6.多表连接
#案例:查询员工名,部门名和所在城市
SELECT
last_name,
department_name,
city
FROM
employees e,
departments d,
locations l
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id` = l.`location_id` ;
#2.非等值连接
#可以与其他语句搭配使用
#案例:查询员工的工资和工资级别
SELECT
salary,
grade_level
FROM
employees e,
job_grades jg
WHERE salary BETWEEN jg.`lowest_sal`
AND jg.`highest_sal` ;
#3.自连接
#案例:查询员工名和上级名称
SELECT
e.last_name 员工名称,
m.last_name 上级名称
FROM
employees e,
employees m
WHERE e.`manager_id` = m.`employee_id` ;
#练习
#查询每个国家下,部门个数大于2的国家个数
SELECT
l.city 国家,
COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM
locations l,
departments d
WHERE l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING 部门个数 > 2 ;
sql99
内连接
#二、sql99标准
/*
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 (别名)
[连接类型] join 表2 (别名)
on 连接条件
[where 删选条件]
[group by 分组]
[having 筛选条件]
[order by 排序] ;
内连接:inner
外连接:
左外连接:left [outer]
右外连接:right [outer]
全外连接:full [outer]
交叉连接:cross
*/
#(一)内连接
/*
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 (别名)
inner join 表2 (别名)
on 连接条件
... ;
分类:
等值连接
非等值连接
内连接
特点:
(1)可以添加筛选、分组、排序等
(2)inner可以省略
(3)筛选条件放在where后,连接条件放在on后,便于阅读
(4)sql92和sql99的等值连接结果相同,都是查询多表的交集
*/
#1.等值连接
#案例1:查询员工名所对应的部门名
SELECT
last_name,
department_name
FROM
employees AS e
INNER JOIN departments AS d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id` ;
#案例2:查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名
SELECT
last_name,
job_title
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
WHERE e.last_name LIKE '%e%' ;
#案例3:查询部门个数大于3的城市名和部门个数
SELECT
city,
COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM
locations l
INNER JOIN departments d
ON l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*) > 3 ;
#案例4:查询员工个数大于3的部门名称和员工个数,并按员工个数降序
SELECT
department_name 部门,
COUNT(*) 员工个数
FROM
departments AS d
INNER JOIN employees AS e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*) > 3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC ;
#多表连接
#案例5:查询员工名、部门名、工种名并按部门名降序
SELECT
last_name 员工名,
department_name 部门名,
job_title 工种
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC ;
#2.非等值连接
#案例1:查询员工的工资级别
SELECT
salary,
grade_level
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN job_grades jg
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN jg.`lowest_sal`
AND jg.`highest_sal` ;
#案例2:查询工资级别的个数大于20的个数,并按工资级别降序
SELECT
grade_level 工资级别,
COUNT(*) 个数
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN job_grades jg
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN jg.`lowest_sal`
AND jg.`highest_sal`
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*) > 20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC ;
#3.自连接
#查询员工名以及其上级名称
SELECT
e.last_name 员工名称,
m.last_name 上级名称
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id` = m.`employee_id` ;
外连接
#二、sql99标准
#(二)外连接
/*
1.用途:
用于查询包含在表1中,但不包含在表2中的数据
2.特点:
1.外连接的查询结果为主表中的所有数据
如果从表中有与主表匹配的数据,则显示匹配的值
如果从表中没有与主表匹配的数据,则显示null
即:外连接查询结果 = 内连接查询结果 + 主表中有但从表中没有的数据
3.左外连接:left join左边的是主表
右外连接:right join右边的是主表
4.左外和右外交换两个表的顺序可以达到相同效果
5.一般查询的字段在哪个表,哪个表就是主表
6.进行null值筛选时,一般使用主键字段进行筛选
*/
#案例1:查询男朋友不在boys表中的女性有哪些
#左外连接
SELECT
be.`name`
FROM
beauty be
LEFT OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON be.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE bo.`id` IS NULL ;
#---------------------------------
#右外连接
SELECT
be.`name`
FROM
boys bo
RIGHT OUTER JOIN beauty be
ON be.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE bo.`id` IS NULL ;
#案例2:查询哪个部门没有员工
#左外连接
SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL ;
#-------------------------------------------
#右外连接
SELECT
department_name
FROM
employees e
RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL ;
#全外连接MySQL不支持
#(三)交叉连接
#是sql99标准下的笛卡尔乘积
SELECT
be.*,
bo.*
FROM
beauty be
CROSS JOIN boys bo ;
#练习
#1.查询编号>3的女性对应的男朋友的信息,如果有则列出详细信息,如果没有,则用null填充
USE girls;
SELECT
be.name,
bo.*
FROM
boys AS bo
RIGHT JOIN beauty AS be
ON bo.`id` = be.`boyfriend_id`
WHERE be.`id` > 3 ;
#2.查询哪个城市没有部门
USE myemployees;
SELECT
city
FROM
locations l
LEFT JOIN departments d
ON l.`location_id` = d.`location_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL ;
#3.查询部门名为SAL或IT的员工信息
USE myemployees;
SELECT
e.*
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_name` IN ('SAL', 'IT') ;
子查询1
#进阶7:子查询
/*
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后:只支持标量子查询
from后:表子查询
where或having后:标量子查询、列子查询、行子查询
exists后(相关子查询):表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询:结果集只有一行一列
列子查询:结果集为一列多行
行子查询:结果集为一行多列
表子查询:结果集为多行多列
特点:
(1)子查询放在小括号内
(2)子查询一般放在条件的右侧
(3)标量子查询一般搭配单行操作符使用 > < = >= <= <>
(4)列子查询一般搭配多行操作符使用 in any some all
(5)子查询优先于主查询执行,主查询使用子查询的结果
*/
#一、where或having后
#1.标量子查询(单行子查询)
#案例1:查询谁的工资比Abel高
#(1)查询Abel的工资
SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel' ;
#(2)查询工资大于(1)结果的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE salary > 11000 ;
#合并:
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE salary >
(SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel') ;
#案例2:查询job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工高的员工的姓名、job_id以及工资
#(1)查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 141 ;
#(2)查询143号员工的工资
SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 143 ;
#合并:
SELECT
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id =
(SELECT
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND salary >
(SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 143) ;
#案例3:查询公司工资最少的员工的last_name、job_id以及salary
#(1)查询公司得最低工资
SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees ;
#(2)查询工资为最低工资(1)的员工信息
#合并:
SELECT
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary =
(SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees) ;
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#(1)查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id = 50 ;
#(2)查询每个部门的最低工资,再与(1)比较
SELECT
department_id,
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >
(SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id = 50) ;
/*
非法使用标量子查询的情况
子查询的结果不是一行一列
*/
#2.列子查询(多行子查询)
/*
多行操作符:
in/not in:属于(或不属于)列表中的任意一个【in可以换成(= any),not in可以换成(<> all)】
any/some:和子查询返回的某一个值进行比较【可以用min(),max()代替,转换为标量子查询】
all:和子查询返回的所有值进行比较【可以用min(),max()代替,转换为标量子查询】
*/
#案例1:查询location_id是1400或1700的部门中所有员工的姓名
#(1)查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT
department_id
FROM
departments
WHERE location_id IN ('1400', '1700') ;
#(2)查询(1)部门中的员工信息
SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id IN
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
departments
WHERE location_id IN ('1400', '1700')) ;
#案例2:查询其他工种中,比job_id为IT_PROG中的任意一个工资低的员工的工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
#(1)查询job_id为IT_PROG的部门的所有工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG';
#合并
SELECT
employee_id,
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary < ANY
(SELECT DISTINCT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG' ;
#----------------------------
#改写成标量子查询
SELECT
employee_id,
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary <
(SELECT
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG' ;
#案例3:查询其他工种中,比job_id为IT_PROG中的所有工资都低的员工的工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT
employee_id,
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary < ALL
(SELECT DISTINCT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG' ;
#--------------------------
SELECT
employee_id,
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary <
(SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG' ;
#3.行子查询(多列子查询)
#案例:查询员工编号最小,但工资最高的员工信息
#(1)查询最小的员工编号
SELECT
MIN(employee_id)
FROM
employees ;
#(2)查询最高工资
SELECT
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees ;
#合并
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id =
(SELECT
MIN(employee_id)
FROM
employees)
AND salary =
(SELECT
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees) ;
#行子查询写法
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE (employee_id, salary) =
(SELECT
MIN(employee_id),
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees) ;
子查询2
#进阶7:子查询
/*
只支持标量子查询
*/
#二、select后
#案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT
d.department_name,
COUNT(*)
FROM
departments d
LEFT JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
GROUP BY d.`department_id` ;
#-------------------------------------------
SELECT
d.*,
(SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM
employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id)
FROM
departments d ;
#案例2:查询员工号为102的部门名
SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` = 102 ;
#-------------------------------------------
SELECT
(SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id = e.department_id
WHERE e.`employee_id` = 102) ;
#三、from后
/*
将子查询的结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
(子查询的结果不唯一时,还需使用子查询的结果,一般将子查询的结果看成一张新表)
*/
#案例:查询每个部门平均工资的工资等级
#(1)查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT
department_id,
AVG(salary)
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id ;
#(2)查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
SELECT
department_avg.*,
jg.grade_level
FROM
(SELECT
department_id,
AVG(salary) avg_salary
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id) department_avg #第一张包括平均工资的表
INNER JOIN job_grades jg
ON department_avg.avg_salary BETWEEN jg.`lowest_sal`
AND `highest_sal` ;
#exists后(相关子查询)
/*
语法:
exists(查询语句)
结果:1或0
*/
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT
*
FROM
employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`);
#--------------------------------------------
SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees e) ;
#-------------------------
SELECT DISTINCT
department_name
FROM
departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id` ;
#案例2:查询没有女朋友的男性信息
#in
SELECT
bo.*
FROM
boys bo
WHERE bo.`id` NOT IN
(SELECT
boyfriend_id
FROM
beauty) ;
#exists
SELECT
bo.*
FROM
boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT
boyfriend_id
FROM
beauty be
WHERE be.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`) ;
#练习
#1.查询和Zlotkey相同部门的员工的姓名和工资
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id =
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey') ;
#2.查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号、姓名以及工资
SELECT
employee_id,
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary >
(SELECT
AVG(salary)
FROM
employees) ;
#3.查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号、姓名和工资
SELECT
employee_id,
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN
(SELECT
department_id,
AVG(salary) ag
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id) dep_avg
ON e.`department_id` = dep_avg.department_id
WHERE e.salary > dep_avg.ag ;
#4.查询和姓名中包含字母u的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT
employee_id,
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id IN
(SELECT
DISTINCT department_id
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%u%') ;
#5.查询在location_id=1700的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT
employee_id
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id IN
(SELECT
DISTINCT department_id
FROM
departments
WHERE location_id = 1700) ;
#6.查询管理者是K_ing的员工姓名和工资
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE manager_id IN
(#该员工的manager_id要等于K_ing的employee_id
SELECT
employee_id
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name = 'K_ing') ;
#7.查询工资最高的员工姓名,要求first_name和last_name显示在一列
SELECT
CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) 姓名,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary =
(SELECT
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees) ;
分页查询
#进阶8:分页查询
/*
适用:当要显示的数据在一页内显示不全时,需要分页提交sql请求
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表
[连接类型 join 表2
on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组
having 筛选
order by 排序]
limit offset, size ;
offset-要显示条目的起始索引,从0开始
size-要显示的条目个数
注:从0开始时,0可以省略
特点:
(1)limit语句放在所有语句的最后
(2)limit语句最后执行
(3)假设要显示的页数为page,每页的条目数为size
select 查询列表
from 表
limit (page-1)*size, size ;
*/
#案例1:查询前5条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 0, 5 ;
#-----------------------------------
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 5 ;
#案例2:查询第11条到第25条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10,15;
#案例3:查询有奖金的员工信息,并且工资较高的前10名
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 0, 10 ;
联合查询
#进阶9:联合查询
/*
关键字:
union 联合、合并:将多条查询语句的结果合并成一个结果
语法:
查询语句1
union
查询语句2
...
适用:
要查询的结果来自于多个表,且多个表之间没有连接关系,但查询的信息相同时,
(例如都查询姓名、年龄)
特点:
(1)多条查询语句查询的列数要一致,即查询的字段数目要相同
(2)多条查询语句查询的字段名称和顺序最好一致
(3)union会自动去重,若不想去重,需要使用union all
*/
#案例1:查询部门编号>90或邮箱中包含a的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id > 90
OR email LIKE '%a%' ;
#-----------------------
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id > 90
UNION
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE email LIKE '%a%' ;