简单地说,接口就是一组方法签名的组合。我们使用一个接口来识别一个对象能够进行的操作。一个接口可以被任意数量的类型满足,而且一个类型可以实现任意数量的接口。每个类型都实现了一个空接口interface{}。
如果你声明了一个接口变量,这个变量能够存储任何实现该接口的对象类型。
package main
import "fmt"
type Human struct {
name string
age int
phone string
}
type Student struct {
Human //an anonymous field of type Human
school string
loan float32
}
type Employee struct {
Human //an anonymous field of type Human
company string
money float32
}
//A human method to say hi
func (h Human) SayHi() {
fmt.Printf("Hi, I am %s you can call me on %s\n", h.name, h.phone)
}
//A human can sing a song
func (h Human) Sing(lyrics string) {
fmt.Println("La la la la...", lyrics)
}
//Employee's method overrides Human's one
func (e Employee) SayHi() {
fmt.Printf("Hi, I am %s, I work at %s. Call me on %s\n", e.name,
e.company, e.phone) //Yes you can split into 2 lines here.
}
// Interface Men is implemented by Human, Student and Employee
// because it contains methods implemented by them.
type Men interface {
SayHi()
Sing(lyrics string)
}
func main() {
mike := Student{Human{"Mike", 25, "222-222-XXX"}, "MIT", 0.00}
paul := Student{Human{"Paul", 26, "111-222-XXX"}, "Harvard", 100}
sam := Employee{Human{"Sam", 36, "444-222-XXX"}, "Golang Inc.", 1000}
Tom := Employee{Human{"Sam", 36, "444-222-XXX"}, "Things Ltd.", 5000}
//a variable of the interface type Men
var i Men
//i can store a Student
i = mike
fmt.Println("This is Mike, a Student:")
i.SayHi()
i.Sing("November rain")
//i can store an Employee too
i = Tom
fmt.Println("This is Tom, an Employee:")
i.SayHi()
i.Sing("Born to be wild")
//a slice of Men
fmt.Println("Let's use a slice of Men and see what happens")
x := make([]Men, 3)
//These elements are of different types that satisfy the Men interface
x[0], x[1], x[2] = paul, sam, mike
for _, value := range x {
value.SayHi()
}
}
输出是:
This is Mike, a Student:
Hi, I am Mike you can call me on 222-222-XXX
La la la la... November rain
This is Tom, an Employee:
Hi, I am Sam, I work at Things Ltd.. Call me on 444-222-XXX
La la la la... Born to be wild
Let’s use a slice of Men and see what happens
Hi, I am Paul you can call me on 111-222-XXX
Hi, I am Sam, I work at Golang Inc.. Call me on 444-222-XXX
Hi, I am Mike you can call me on 222-222-XXX
从上面的代码可以看出,接口类型是一组抽象的方法集,它本身不实现方法或者精确描述数据结构和方法的实现方式。接口本身并不关心到底是什么数据类型实现了它。接口类型的本质就是如果一个数据类型实现了自身的方法集,那么该接口类型变量就能够引用该数据类型的值。
空接口类型interface{}一个方法签名也不包含,所以所有的数据类型都实现了该方法。
空接口类型在描述一个对象实例的形式上力不从心,但是当我们需要存储任意数据类型的实例的时候,空接口类型的使用使得我们得心应手。
参考:
https://www.yuque.com/docs/share/564d8f0b-6b48-4442-b133-e1742e6a79ae