讲给后台程序员看的前端系列教程(43)——JSON数据格式及其解析

最新推荐文章于 2023-08-24 15:23:38 发布
最新推荐文章于 2023-08-24 15:23:38 发布
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分类专栏： 讲给后台程序员看的前端系列教程 文章标签： JavaScript JSON
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl/article/details/100938299
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版权声明

  • 本文原创作者：谷哥的小弟
  • 作者博客地址：http://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl

JSON概述

JavaScript Object Notation(JavaScript 对象表示法)简称JSON是一种轻量级的数据交换格式。它基于ECMAScript的一个子集。 JSON采用完全独立于语言的文本格式，但是也使用了类似于C语言家族的习惯（包括C、C++、C#、Java、JavaScript、Perl、Python等）。这些特性使JSON成为理想的数据交换语言。 易于人阅读和编写，同时也易于机器解析和生成(一般用于提升网络传输速率)。JSON 比 XML 更小、更快，更易解析，所以从Web API和服务端编程语言到NoSQL数据库和客户端框架，都在广泛使用JSON。在不同平台间传递数据方面，JSON已成为XML强有力的替代者。

JSON语法基础

在开发中经常使用JSON保存或传递数据，现对其详细介绍。

语法如下：

{键1:值1,键2:值2,键3:值3,.....}

概述如下：

  • JSON数据以大括号{ }表示
  • 在大括号{ }中以键值对的形式表示数据，各键值对之间以逗号,隔开。其中，键用双引号引起来，它是字符串类型；值可以为：数字、字符串、Boolean值、数组、对象、null中任意一种。
  • 大括号{ }中各键值对是无序的

示例1

var jsonData1 = {"name":"lucy","age":18,"isBoy":false};

示例2

var jsonData2 = {
	"student": {
		"name": "lucy",
		"age": 18,
		"isBoy": false
	}
};

示例3

 var jsonData3 = 
 {
	"students": [{
			"name": "wawa",
			"age": 23,
			"isBoy": true
		},
		{
			"name": "tutu",
			"age": 24,
			"isBoy": true
		},
		{
			"name": "lili",
			"age": 25,
			"isBoy": false
		}
	]
};

示例4

var jsonData4 = {
				"key1": "hello", 
				"key2": 55, 
				"key3": [66, "bye", "pi"],
				"key4": {
					"key4_1": 77,
					"key4_2": "ok"
				},
				"key5": [{ 
					"key5_1_1": 88,
					"key5_1_2": "wy"
				}, {
					"key5_2_1": 99,
					"key5_2_2": "pb"
				}]
			};

JSON的本质

JSON到底是什么呢？我们来一起瞅瞅。

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8" />
		<title>json</title>
		<script type="text/javascript">
			var jsonData1 = {"name":"lucy","age":18,"isBoy":false};
			alert(jsonData1);
			console.log(jsonData1);
		</script>
	</head>
	<body>
		<h2 id="author" style="color: red;">本文作者：谷哥的小弟</h2>
		<h2 id="blog" style="color: red;">博客地址：http://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl</h2>
	</body>
</html>

从这里我们可以看到：其实，JSON就是一个JavaScript对象。
在这里插入图片描述

获取JSON对象中的数据

我们常需要依据JSON中的键获取其对应的值，常用方式如下：

  • json格式数据.键名
  • json格式数据[“键名”]

示例1

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8" />
		<title>json</title>
		<script type="text/javascript">
			var jsonData4 = {
				"key1": "hello",
				"key2": 55,
				"key3": [66, "bye", "pi"],
				"key4": {
					"key4_1": 77,
					"key4_2": "ok"
				},
				"key5": [{
					"key5_1_1": 88,
					"key5_1_2": "wmd"
				}, {
					"key5_2_1": 99,
					"key5_2_2": "pb"
				}]
			};
			
			var value1=jsonData4.key1;
			//hello
			console.log("value1="+value1);
			
			var value2=jsonData4.key3[1];
			//bye
			console.log("value2="+value2);
			
			var value3=jsonData4.key4.key4_1;
			//77
			console.log("value3="+value3);
			
			var value4=jsonData4.key5[0].key5_1_2;
			//wmd
			console.log("value4="+value4);
			
		</script>
	</head>
	<body>
		<h2 id="author" style="color: red;">本文作者：谷哥的小弟</h2>
		<h2 id="blog" style="color: red;">博客地址：http://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl</h2>
	</body>
</html>

在这里插入图片描述

示例2

<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- 本文作者：谷哥的小弟-->
<!-- 博客地址：https://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl-->
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<title>JSON</title>
		<script type="text/javascript">
			var jsonData1 = {
				"name": "lucy",
				"age": 18,
				"isBoy": false
			};
			//获取name的值
			var name = jsonData1.name;
			console.log("name=" + name);

			var jsonData2 = {
				"student": {
					"name": "lucy",
					"age": 18,
					"isBoy": false
				}
			};
			//获取age的值
			var age = jsonData2.student.age;
			console.log("age=" + age);

			var jsonData3 = {
				"students": [{
						"name": "wawa",
						"age": 23,
						"isBoy": true
					},
					{
						"name": "tutu",
						"age": 24,
						"isBoy": true
					},
					{
						"name": "lili",
						"age": 25,
						"isBoy": false
					}
				]
			};
			//获取students中第一个元素的isBoy的值
			var isBoy = jsonData3.students[0].isBoy;
			console.log("isBoy=" + isBoy);
			
		</script>
	</head>
	<body>
		<h2 style="color: red;">本文作者：谷哥的小弟</h2>
		<h2 style="color: red;">博客地址：http://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl</h2>
	</body>
</html>

在这里插入图片描述
除此以外，我们还可使用for循环遍历JSON获取所有的键及其对应的值。

示例3

<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- 本文作者：谷哥的小弟-->
<!-- 博客地址：https://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl-->
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<title>JSON</title>
		<script type="text/javascript">
			var jsonData = {
				"name": "lucy",
				"age": 18,
				"isBoy": false
			};
			//遍历JSON
			for(var k in jsonData){
				var key=k;
				var value=jsonData[k];
				console.log(key+"=" + value);
			}
		</script>
	</head>
	<body>
		<h2 style="color: red;">本文作者：谷哥的小弟</h2>
		<h2 style="color: red;">博客地址：http://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl</h2>
	</body>
</html>

在这里插入图片描述

JSON数据与Java对象的相互转换

在实际开发中，我们通常需要将JSON数据与Java对象进行相互转换。为提高开发效率常借助于第三方工具进行两者的相互转换，常见的有：Gson、Jsonlib、fastjson、jackson等。在此，以jackson为例进行讲解。

下载jar包

请在jackson官网下载所需jar包，如图所示：
在这里插入图片描述

jackson核心方法

  • ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper( )：创建mapper
  • mapper.writeValueAsString( )：将Java对象转为JSON字符串
  • mapper.readValue( )：将JSON字符串转换为Java对象

示 例

在这里插入图片描述

Student如下：

package cn.com;
/**
 * 本文作者：谷哥的小弟 
 * 博客地址：http://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl
 */
public class Student {
	private String name;
	private int age;
	private boolean boy;
	public Student() {
		
	}
	public Student(String name, int age, boolean boy) {
		this.name = name;
		this.age = age;
		this.boy = boy;
	}
	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}
	public int getAge() {
		return age;
	}
	public void setAge(int age) {
		this.age = age;
	}
	public boolean isBoy() {
		return boy;
	}
	public void setBoy(boolean boy) {
		this.boy = boy;
	}
	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return "Student [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + ", boy=" + boy + "]";
	}
	
}

JSONTest如下：

package cn.com;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
/**
 * 本文作者：谷哥的小弟 
 * 博客地址：http://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl
 */
public class JSONTest {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		try {
			JSONTest jsonTest = new JSONTest();
			jsonTest.test1();
			jsonTest.test2();
			jsonTest.test3();
			jsonTest.test4();
		} catch (Exception e) {
			
		}

	}
	
	//将Java对象转换为JSON字符串
	public void test1() throws Exception{
		Student student=new Student("lucy", 18, false);
		ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
		String jsonString = mapper.writeValueAsString(student);
		//{"name":"lucy","age":18,"boy":false}
		System.out.println(jsonString);
	}
	
	//将List转换为JSON字符串
	public void test2() throws Exception{
		Student student1=new Student("lucy", 18, false);
		Student student2=new Student("tutu", 19, true);
		Student student3=new Student("mrmr", 20, false);
		ArrayList<Student> arrayList=new ArrayList<Student>();
		arrayList.add(student1);
		arrayList.add(student2);
		arrayList.add(student3);
		ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
		String jsonString = mapper.writeValueAsString(arrayList);
		//[{"name":"lucy","age":18,"boy":false},{"name":"tutu","age":19,"boy":true},{"name":"mrmr","age":20,"boy":false}]
		System.out.println(jsonString);
	}
	
	//将Map转换为JSON字符串
	public void test3() throws Exception{
		HashMap<String,Object> hashMap = new HashMap<String,Object>();
		hashMap.put("name", "lucy");
		hashMap.put("age", 17);
		hashMap.put("boy", false);
		ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
		String jsonString = mapper.writeValueAsString(hashMap);
		//{"name":"lucy","age":17,"boy":false}
		System.out.println(jsonString);
	}
	
	//将JSON字符串转为Java对象
	public void test4() throws Exception {
		// {"name":"lucy","age":18,"boy":false}
		String jsonString = "{\"name\":\"lucy\",\"age\":18,\"boy\":false}";
		ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
		Student student = mapper.readValue(jsonString, Student.class);
		//Student [name=lucy, age=18, boy=false]
		System.out.println(student);
	}
}

在这里插入图片描述

JSON数据与字符串的相互转换

JSON的存在有两种形式。

第一种： JSON以对象的形式存在， 亦常称为JSON对象。
第二种： JSON以字符串的形式存在， 亦常称为JSON字符串。

那么，这两形式的JSON在何时使用呢？

在操作JSON中的数据的时常使用JSON对象。
在客户端和服务器之间进行数据交换时常使用JSON字符串。

JSON对象转JSON字符串

使用JSON.stringify( )方法将JSON对象转为JSON字符串

示例如下：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- 本文作者：谷哥的小弟-->
<!-- 博客地址：https://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl-->
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<title>JSON</title>
	</head>
	<body>
		<script type="text/javascript">
			var student1={name:"lilei",age:15,height:170.5,isLoveLife:true};
			var jsonData1=JSON.stringify(student1);
			//{"name":"lilei","age":15,"height":170.5,"isLoveLife":true}
			console.log(jsonData1);
			
			//skill是一个数组
			var student2={name:"lilei",age:15,height:170.5,isLoveLife:true, skills:["Java","JavaScript","MySQL"]};
			var jsonData2=JSON.stringify(student2);
			//{"name":"lilei","age":15,"height":170.5,"isLoveLife":true,"skills":["Java","JavaScript","MySQL"]}
			console.log(jsonData2);
			
			//homeAddress是一个对象
			var address={country:"China",province:"sichuang",city:"chengdu",street:"pingan road"};
			var student3={name:"lilei",age:15,height:170.5,isLoveLife:true, homeAddress:address,skills:["Java","JavaScript","MySQL"]};
			var jsonData3=JSON.stringify(student3);
			//{"name":"lilei","age":15,"height":170.5,"isLoveLife":true,"homeAddress":{"country":"China","province":"sichuang","city":"chengdu","street":"pingan road"},"skills":["Java","JavaScript","MySQL"]}
			console.log(jsonData3);
		</script>
	</body>
</html>

结果如下：
在这里插入图片描述

JSON字符串转JSON对象

使用JSON.parse( )方法将JSON字符串转为JSON对象

示例如下：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- 本文作者：谷哥的小弟-->
<!-- 博客地址：https://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl-->
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<title>JSON</title>
	</head>
	<body>
		<script type="text/javascript">
			var student;
			var student1={name:"lilei",age:15,height:170.5,isLoveLife:true};
			var jsonData1=JSON.stringify(student1);
			student=JSON.parse(jsonData1);
			console.log(student.name);
			console.log(student.age);
			console.log(student.isLoveLife);
			console.log("------------------------------");
			
		
			var student2={name:"lilei",age:15,height:170.5,isLoveLife:true, skills:["Java","JavaScript","MySQL"]};
			var jsonData2=JSON.stringify(student2);
			student=JSON.parse(jsonData2);
			console.log(student.name);
			console.log(student.age);
			console.log(student.isLoveLife);
			var skillsArray=student.skills;
			console.log(skillsArray);
			for(var i=0;i<skillsArray.length;i++){
				console.log(skillsArray[i]);
			}
			console.log("------------------------------");
			
			var address={country:"China",province:"sichuang",city:"chengdu",street:"pingan road"};
			var student3={name:"lilei",age:15,height:170.5,isLoveLife:true, homeAddress:address,skills:["Java","JavaScript","MySQL"]};
			var jsonData3=JSON.stringify(student3);
			student=JSON.parse(jsonData3);
			console.log(student.name);
			console.log(student.age);
			console.log(student.isLoveLife);
			var skillsArray=student.skills;
			console.log(skillsArray);
			for(var i=0;i<skillsArray.length;i++){
				console.log(skillsArray[i]);
			}
			var addressObject=student.homeAddress;
			console.log(addressObject);
			console.log(addressObject.country);
			console.log(addressObject.province);
			console.log(addressObject.city);
			console.log(addressObject.street);
		</script>
	</body>
</html>

结果如下：
在这里插入图片描述

JSON实战

在此，我们利用公开的API发起网络请求获取数据并对其进行解析。

示例如下：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- 本文作者：谷哥的小弟-->
<!-- 博客地址：https://blog.csdn.net/lfdfhl-->
<html>
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8">
		<title>JSON</title>
	</head>
	<body>
		<script type="text/javascript">
			//第一步：创建所需的对象
			var httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();
			//第二步：打开连接
			httpRequest.open('GET','https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/forecast?q=Beijing,cn&appid=800f49846586c3ba6e7052cfc89af16c', true);
			//第三步：发送请求
			httpRequest.send();
			//第四步：处理结果
			httpRequest.onreadystatechange = function() {
				if (httpRequest.readyState == 4 && httpRequest.status == 200) {
					var weatherJSON = httpRequest.responseText;
					console.log(weatherJSON);
					var weatherObject = JSON.parse(weatherJSON);
					var weather = weatherObject.list[0].weather[0].main;
					var time = weatherObject.list[0].dt_txt;
					console.log(weather);
					console.log(time);
				}
			};
		</script>
	</body>
</html>

数据如下：

{
	"cod": "200",
	"message": 0.0068,
	"cnt": 40,
	"list": [{
		"dt": 1568775600,
		"main": {
			"temp": 297.49,
			"temp_min": 293.6,
			"temp_max": 297.49,
			"pressure": 1028.47,
			"sea_level": 1028.47,
			"grnd_level": 973.29,
			"humidity": 27,
			"temp_kf": 3.89
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 800,
			"main": "Clear",
			"description": "clear sky",
			"icon": "01d"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 0
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 1.77,
			"deg": 158.679
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "d"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-18 03:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1568786400,
		"main": {
			"temp": 298.32,
			"temp_min": 295.4,
			"temp_max": 298.32,
			"pressure": 1024.88,
			"sea_level": 1024.88,
			"grnd_level": 970.37,
			"humidity": 27,
			"temp_kf": 2.92
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 800,
			"main": "Clear",
			"description": "clear sky",
			"icon": "01d"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 0
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 1.85,
			"deg": 151.647
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "d"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-18 06:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1568797200,
		"main": {
			"temp": 295.18,
			"temp_min": 293.236,
			"temp_max": 295.18,
			"pressure": 1023.67,
			"sea_level": 1023.67,
			"grnd_level": 969.47,
			"humidity": 38,
			"temp_kf": 1.94
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 800,
			"main": "Clear",
			"description": "clear sky",
			"icon": "01d"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 4
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 2.2,
			"deg": 182.819
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "d"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-18 09:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1568808000,
		"main": {
			"temp": 288.6,
			"temp_min": 287.624,
			"temp_max": 288.6,
			"pressure": 1025,
			"sea_level": 1025,
			"grnd_level": 970.07,
			"humidity": 52,
			"temp_kf": 0.97
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 802,
			"main": "Clouds",
			"description": "scattered clouds",
			"icon": "03n"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 45
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 2.23,
			"deg": 254.819
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "n"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-18 12:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1568818800,
		"main": {
			"temp": 286.976,
			"temp_min": 286.976,
			"temp_max": 286.976,
			"pressure": 1024.24,
			"sea_level": 1024.24,
			"grnd_level": 969.18,
			"humidity": 56,
			"temp_kf": 0
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 803,
			"main": "Clouds",
			"description": "broken clouds",
			"icon": "04n"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 66
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 1.55,
			"deg": 259.672
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "n"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-18 15:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1568829600,
		"main": {
			"temp": 286.548,
			"temp_min": 286.548,
			"temp_max": 286.548,
			"pressure": 1023.99,
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			"deg": 349.359
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "d"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-22 06:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1569142800,
		"main": {
			"temp": 299.3,
			"temp_min": 299.3,
			"temp_max": 299.3,
			"pressure": 1017.37,
			"sea_level": 1017.37,
			"grnd_level": 963.81,
			"humidity": 30,
			"temp_kf": 0
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 803,
			"main": "Clouds",
			"description": "broken clouds",
			"icon": "04d"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 54
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 0.88,
			"deg": 295.343
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "d"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-22 09:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1569153600,
		"main": {
			"temp": 292.235,
			"temp_min": 292.235,
			"temp_max": 292.235,
			"pressure": 1019.27,
			"sea_level": 1019.27,
			"grnd_level": 965.02,
			"humidity": 38,
			"temp_kf": 0
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 802,
			"main": "Clouds",
			"description": "scattered clouds",
			"icon": "03n"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 29
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 1.9,
			"deg": 278.535
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "n"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-22 12:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1569164400,
		"main": {
			"temp": 291.99,
			"temp_min": 291.99,
			"temp_max": 291.99,
			"pressure": 1019.96,
			"sea_level": 1019.96,
			"grnd_level": 965.07,
			"humidity": 36,
			"temp_kf": 0
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 803,
			"main": "Clouds",
			"description": "broken clouds",
			"icon": "04n"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 78
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 2.37,
			"deg": 279.546
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "n"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-22 15:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1569175200,
		"main": {
			"temp": 287.492,
			"temp_min": 287.492,
			"temp_max": 287.492,
			"pressure": 1020.62,
			"sea_level": 1020.62,
			"grnd_level": 966.33,
			"humidity": 74,
			"temp_kf": 0
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 802,
			"main": "Clouds",
			"description": "scattered clouds",
			"icon": "03n"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 46
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 1.76,
			"deg": 35.632
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "n"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-22 18:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1569186000,
		"main": {
			"temp": 286.319,
			"temp_min": 286.319,
			"temp_max": 286.319,
			"pressure": 1021.72,
			"sea_level": 1021.72,
			"grnd_level": 967.35,
			"humidity": 85,
			"temp_kf": 0
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 800,
			"main": "Clear",
			"description": "clear sky",
			"icon": "01n"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 0
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 1.45,
			"deg": 358.3
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "n"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-22 21:00:00"
	}, {
		"dt": 1569196800,
		"main": {
			"temp": 292.157,
			"temp_min": 292.157,
			"temp_max": 292.157,
			"pressure": 1022.9,
			"sea_level": 1022.9,
			"grnd_level": 968.41,
			"humidity": 50,
			"temp_kf": 0
		},
		"weather": [{
			"id": 800,
			"main": "Clear",
			"description": "clear sky",
			"icon": "01d"
		}],
		"clouds": {
			"all": 0
		},
		"wind": {
			"speed": 1.09,
			"deg": 27.484
		},
		"sys": {
			"pod": "d"
		},
		"dt_txt": "2019-09-23 00:00:00"
	}],
	"city": {
		"id": 1816670,
		"name": "Beijing",
		"coord": {
			"lat": 39.906,
			"lon": 116.3912
		},
		"country": "CN",
		"population": 1000000,
		"timezone": 28800,
		"sunrise": 1568757453,
		"sunset": 1568802019
	}
}

结果如下：
在这里插入图片描述

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