一、会用Spring测试套件的好处
在开发基于Spring的应用时,如果你还直接使用Junit进行单元测试,那你就错过了Spring为我们所提供的饕餮大餐了。使用Junit直接进行单元测试有以下四大不足:
1)导致多次Spring容器初始化问题
根据JUnit测试方法的调用流程,每执行一个测试方法都会创建一个测试用例的实例并调用setUp()方法。由于一般情况下,我们在setUp()方法中初始化Spring容器,这意味着如果测试用例有多少个测试方法,Spring容器就会被重复初始化多次。虽然初始化Spring容器的速度并不会太慢,但由于可能会在Spring容器初始化时执行加载Hibernate映射文件等耗时的操作,如果每执行一个测试方法都必须重复初始化Spring容器,则对测试性能的影响是不容忽视的;
使用Spring测试套件,Spring容器只会初始化一次
2)需要使用硬编码方式手工获取Bean
在测试用例类中我们需要通过ctx.getBean()方法从Spirng容器中获取需要测试的目标Bean,并且还要进行强制类型转换的造型操作。这种乏味的操作迷漫在测试用例的代码中,让人觉得烦琐不堪;
使用Spring测试套件,测试用例类中的属性会被自动填充Spring容器的对应Bean,无须在手工设置Bean!
3)数据库现场容易遭受破坏
测试方法对数据库的更改操作会持久化到数据库中。虽然是针对开发数据库进行操作,但如果数据操作的影响是持久的,可能会影响到后面的测试行为。举个例子,用户在测试方法中插入一条ID为1的User记录,第一次运行不会有问题,第二次运行时,就会因为主键冲突而导致测试用例失败。所以应该既能够完成功能逻辑检查,又能够在测试完成后恢复现场,不会留下“后遗症”;
使用Spring测试套件,Spring会在你验证后,自动回滚对数据库的操作,保证数据库的现场不被破坏,因此重复测试不会发生问题!
4)不方便对数据操作正确性进行检查
假如我们向登录日志表插入了一条成功登录日志,可是我们却没有对t_login_log表中是否确实添加了一条记录进行检查。一般情况下,我们可能是打开数据库,肉眼观察是否插入了相应的记录,但这严重违背了自动测试的原则。试想在测试包括成千上万个数据操作行为的程序时,如何用肉眼进行检查?
只要你继承Spring的测试套件的用例类,你就可以通过jdbcTemplate(或Dao等)在同一事务中访问数据库,查询数据的变化,验证操作的正确性!
Spring提供了一套扩展于Junit测试用例的测试套件,使用这套测试套件完全解决了以上四个问题,让我们测试Spring的应用更加方便。这个测试套件主要由org.springframework.test包下的若干类组成,使用简单快捷,方便上手。
二、使用方法
1)基本用法
package com.test; import javax.annotation.Resource; import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" }) public class UserServiceTest { @Resource private IUserService userService; @Test public void testAddOpinion1() { userService.downloadCount(1); System.out.println(1); } @Test public void testAddOpinion2() { userService.downloadCount(2); System.out.println(2); } }
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) 用于配置spring中测试的环境
@ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" })用于指定配置文件所在的位置
@Resource注入Spring容器Bean对象,注意与@Autowired区别
2)事务用法
package com.test; import javax.annotation.Resource; import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.test.annotation.Rollback; import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; import org.springframework.test.context.transaction.TransactionConfiguration; import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional; @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" }) @Transactional @TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager") //@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager", defaultRollback = true) public class UserServiceTest { @Resource private IUserService userService; @Test // @Transactional public void testAddOpinion1() { userService.downloadCount(1); System.out.println(1); } @Test @Rollback(false) public void testAddOpinion2() { userService.downloadCount(2); System.out.println(2); } }
@TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager="transactionManager")读取Spring配置文件中名为transactionManager的事务配置,defaultRollback为事务回滚默认设置。该注解是可选的,可使用@Transactional与@Rollback配合完成事务管理。当然也可以使用@Transactional与@TransactionConfiguration配合。
@Transactional开启事务。可放到类或方法上,类上作用于所有方法。
@Rollback事务回滚配置。只能放到方法上。
3)继承AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests
package com.test; import javax.annotation.Resource; import org.junit.Test; import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests; import org.springframework.test.context.transaction.TransactionConfiguration; @ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" }) @TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager", defaultRollback = false) public class UserServiceTest extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests { @Resource private IUserService userService; @Test public void testAddOpinion1() { userService.downloadCount(1); System.out.println(1); } @Test public void testAddOpinion2() { userService.downloadCount(2); System.out.println(2); } }
AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests:这个类为我们解决了在web.xml中配置OpenSessionInview所解决的session生命周期延长的问题,所以要继承这个类。该类已经在类级别预先配置了好了事物支持,因此不必再配置@Transactional和@RunWith
4)继承
package com.test; import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests; import org.springframework.test.context.transaction.TransactionConfiguration; @ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:config/applicationContext-*.xml", "classpath:services/ext/service-*.xml" }) @TransactionConfiguration(transactionManager = "transactionManager") public class BaseTestCase extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests { }
package com.test; import javax.annotation.Resource; import org.junit.Test; import org.springframework.test.annotation.Rollback; public class UserServiceTest extends BaseTestCase { @Resource private IUserService userService; @Test public void testAddOpinion1() { userService.downloadCount(1); System.out.println(1); } @Test @Rollback(false) public void testAddOpinion2() { userService.downloadCount(2); System.out.println(2); } }
5)综合
@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @ContextConfiguration @TransactionConfiguration @Transactional public class PersonDaoTransactionUnitTest extends AbstractTransactionalJUnit4SpringContextTests { final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(PersonDaoTransactionUnitTest.class); protected static int SIZE = 2; protected static Integer ID = new Integer(1); protected static String FIRST_NAME = "Joe"; protected static String LAST_NAME = "Smith"; protected static String CHANGED_LAST_NAME = "Jackson"; @Autowired protected PersonDao personDao = null; /** * Tests that the size and first record match what is expected before the transaction. */ @BeforeTransaction public void beforeTransaction() { testPerson(true, LAST_NAME); } /** * Tests person table and changes the first records last name. */ @Test public void testHibernateTemplate() throws SQLException { assertNotNull("Person DAO is null.", personDao); Collection<Person> lPersons = personDao.findPersons(); assertNotNull("Person list is null.", lPersons); assertEquals("Number of persons should be " + SIZE + ".", SIZE, lPersons.size()); for (Person person : lPersons) { assertNotNull("Person is null.", person); if (ID.equals(person.getId())) { assertEquals("Person first name should be " + FIRST_NAME + ".", FIRST_NAME, person.getFirstName()); assertEquals("Person last name should be " + LAST_NAME + ".", LAST_NAME, person.getLastName()); person.setLastName(CHANGED_LAST_NAME); personDao.save(person); } } } /** * Tests that the size and first record match what is expected after the transaction. */ @AfterTransaction public void afterTransaction() { testPerson(false, LAST_NAME); } /** * Tests person table. */ protected void testPerson(boolean beforeTransaction, String matchLastName) { List<Map<String, Object>> lPersonMaps = simpleJdbcTemplate.queryForList("SELECT * FROM PERSON"); assertNotNull("Person list is null.", lPersonMaps); assertEquals("Number of persons should be " + SIZE + ".", SIZE, lPersonMaps.size()); Map<String, Object> hPerson = lPersonMaps.get(0); logger.debug((beforeTransaction ? "Before" : "After") + " transaction. " + hPerson.toString()); Integer id = (Integer) hPerson.get("ID"); String firstName = (String) hPerson.get("FIRST_NAME"); String lastName = (String) hPerson.get("LAST_NAME"); if (ID.equals(id)) { assertEquals("Person first name should be " + FIRST_NAME + ".", FIRST_NAME, firstName); assertEquals("Person last name should be " + matchLastName + ".", matchLastName, lastName); } } }
@BeforeTransaction在事务之前执行
@AfterTransaction在事务之后执行
@NotTransactional不开启事务