2019牛客暑期多校训练营（第九场）A——The power of Fibonacci（循环节+中国剩余定理（互质）||广义BM）

最新推荐文章于 2019-09-05 19:51:39 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2019-09-05 19:51:39 发布

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分类专栏：数论文章标签：循环节中国剩余定理（互质）广义BM

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/lgz0921/article/details/99681593

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链接：https://ac.nowcoder.com/acm/contest/889/A
来源：牛客网

时间限制：C/C++ 2秒，其他语言4秒
空间限制：C/C++ 262144K，其他语言524288K
64bit IO Format: %lld

题目描述

Amy asks Mr. B problem A. Please help Mr. B to solve the following problem.

Let Fi be fibonacci number.

F0 = 0, F1 = 1, Fi = Fi-1 + Fi-2

Given n and m, please calculate

∑i=0nFim\sum_{i = 0}^n F_i^m∑i=0nFim

As the answer might be very large, output it module 1000000000.

输入描述:

The first and only line contains two integers n, m(1 <= n <= 1000000000, 1 <= m <= 1000).

输出描述:

Output a single integer, the answer module 1000000000.

示例1

输入

复制

5 5

输出

复制

说明

05 + 15 + 15 + 25 + 35 + 55 = 3402

示例2

输入

复制

10 10

输出

复制

696237975

说明

Don't forget to mod 1000000000

示例3

输入

复制

1000000000 1000

输出

复制

641796875

说明

Time is precious.

题意：求1-n的斐波那契数列的m次方的和。

题解：考虑循环节，斐波那契数列在模意义下是有循环节的，即使它取幂了（记住！），求循环节见https://blog.csdn.net/lgz0921/article/details/99679155，1e9的循环节是1.5e9显然不行，我们考虑把1e9拆开求循环节，然后利用中国剩余定理求解，拆成1e9=2^9*5^9,这样就可以求了，解释一下中国剩余定理，它是解决x%a1=b1,x%a2=b2.......求x的，这样我们把两个循环节的求出来，利用中国剩余定理的性质再合起来，就ok了~~最后说一下，因为2^9与5^9互质，所以用一般的中国剩余定理就ok！！

上代码：

#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
const int MAX = 8e6+10;
const int mod = 1000000000;
const int mod1=512;//2^9 
const int mod2=1953125;//5^9
const int p1=768;//2^9的循环节
const int p2=7812500;//5^9的循环节
void ex_gcd(ll a,ll b,ll &d,ll &x,ll &y){
    if(!b){
        d=a,x=1,y=0;
    }
	else{
        ex_gcd(b,a%b,d,y,x);
        y-=x*(a/b);
    }
}
ll inv(ll t,ll p){
    ll d,x,y;
    ex_gcd(t,p,d,x,y);
    return d == 1?(x%p+p)%p:-1;
}
ll China(int n,ll *a,ll *m){//中国剩余定理互质 x%m[i]=a[i];
    ll M = 1,ret = 0;
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++) M*=m[i];
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
        ll w = M/m[i];
        ret = (ret+w*inv(w,m[i])*a[i])%M;
    }
    return ret;
}
ll Chinaa(int len,ll *a,ll *r){//中国剩余定理非互质 x%r[i]=a[i];
    ll M=a[0],R=r[0],x,y,d;
    for(int i=1;i<len;i++){
        ex_gcd(M,a[i],d,x,y);
        if((R-r[i])%d!=0) return -1;
        x=(R-r[i])/d*x%a[i];
        R-=x*M;
        M=M/d*a[i];
        R%=M;
    }
    return (R%M+M)%M;
}
ll f[MAX];
void init(){
	f[0]=0;f[1]=1;
	for (int i = 2; i < MAX;i++){
		f[i]=(f[i-1]+f[i-2])%mod;
	}
}
ll quick(ll a,ll b,ll c){
	ll ans=1;
	while(b){
		if(b&1) ans=(ans*a)%c;
		b>>=1;
		a=(a*a)%c;
	}
	return ans;
}
ll solve(ll n,ll m,ll mod,ll p){//f[i]^m%mod 
	int k=n%p;
	ll ans=0;
	for (int i = 1; i <= p;i++){
		if(i<=k) ans+=quick(f[i],m,mod)*(n/p+1);
		else ans+=quick(f[i],m,mod)*(n/p);
		ans%=mod;
	}
	return ans;
}
ll a[3],b[3];//x%a[i]=b[i];
int main(){
	init();
	ll n,m;
	scanf("%lld%lld",&n,&m);
	a[0]=mod1;a[1]=mod2;
	b[0]=solve(n,m,mod1,p1);b[1]=solve(n,m,mod2,p2);
	ll ans=China(2,b,a);
	printf("%lld\n",(ans%mod+mod)%mod);
	return 0;
}

题解：显然斐波那契数列的m次方前缀和依然是线性递推，考虑exBM解决，套模板就可以啦，这个模板在我的电脑上编译错误，交上能过~~~我的编译器太喽了~~

上代码：

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long LL;
const int mod=1e9;
struct LinearRecurrence {
    using vec = std::vector<LL>;
    static void extand(vec &a, size_t d, LL value = 0) {
        if (d <= a.size()) return;
        a.resize(d, value);
    }
    static void exgcd(LL a, LL b, LL &g, LL &x, LL &y) {
        if (!b) x = 1, y = 0, g = a;
        else {
            exgcd(b, a % b, g, y, x);
            y -= x * (a / b);
        }
    }
    static LL crt(const vec &c, const vec &m) {
        int n = c.size();
        LL M = 1, ans = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) M *= m[i];
        for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            LL x, y, g, tm = M / m[i];
            exgcd(tm, m[i], g, x, y);
            ans = (ans + tm * x * c[i] % M) % M;
        }
        return (ans + M) % M;
    }
    static vec ReedsSloane(const vec &s, LL mod) {
        auto inverse = [](LL a, LL m) {
            LL d, x, y;
            exgcd(a, m, d, x, y);
            return d == 1 ? (x % m + m) % m : -1;
        };
        auto L = [](const vec &a, const vec &b) {
            int da = (a.size() > 1 || (a.size() == 1 && a[0])) ? a.size() - 1 : -1000;
            int db = (b.size() > 1 || (b.size() == 1 && b[0])) ? b.size() - 1 : -1000;
            return std::max(da, db + 1);
        };
        auto prime_power = [&](const vec &s, LL mod, LL p, LL e) {
            // linear feedback shift register mod p^e, p is prime
            std::vector<vec> a(e), b(e), an(e), bn(e), ao(e), bo(e);
            vec t(e), u(e), r(e), to(e, 1), uo(e), pw(e + 1);
            pw[0] = 1;
            for (int i = pw[0] = 1; i <= e; ++i) pw[i] = pw[i - 1] * p;
            for (LL i = 0; i < e; ++i) {
                a[i] = {pw[i]}, an[i] = {pw[i]};
                b[i] = {0}, bn[i] = {s[0] * pw[i] % mod};
                t[i] = s[0] * pw[i] % mod;
                if (t[i] == 0)
                    t[i] = 1, u[i] = e;
                else
                    for (u[i] = 0; t[i] % p == 0; t[i] /= p, ++u[i]);
            }
            for (size_t k = 1; k < s.size(); ++k) {
                for (int g = 0; g < e; ++g)
                    if (L(an[g], bn[g]) > L(a[g], b[g])) {
                        ao[g] = a[e - 1 - u[g]];
                        bo[g] = b[e - 1 - u[g]];
                        to[g] = t[e - 1 - u[g]];
                        uo[g] = u[e - 1 - u[g]];
                        r[g] = k - 1;
                    }
                a = an, b = bn;
                for (int o = 0; o < e; ++o) {
                    LL d = 0;
                    for (size_t i = 0; i < a[o].size() && i <= k; ++i) {
                        d = (d + a[o][i] * s[k - i]) % mod;
                    }
                    if (d == 0) {
                        t[o] = 1, u[o] = e;
                    } else {
                        for (u[o] = 0, t[o] = d; t[o] % p == 0; t[o] /= p, ++u[o]);
                        int g = e - 1 - u[o];
                        if (L(a[g], b[g]) == 0) {
                            extand(bn[o], k + 1);
                            bn[o][k] = (bn[o][k] + d) % mod;
                        } else {
                            LL coef =t[o] * inverse(to[g], mod) % mod * pw[u[o] - uo[g]] % mod;
                            int m = k - r[g];
                            extand(an[o], ao[g].size() + m);
                            extand(bn[o], bo[g].size() + m);
                            for (size_t i = 0; i < ao[g].size(); ++i) {
                                an[o][i + m] -= coef * ao[g][i] % mod;
                                if (an[o][i + m] < 0) an[o][i + m] += mod;
                            }
                            while (an[o].size() && an[o].back() == 0) an[o].pop_back();
                            for (size_t i = 0; i < bo[g].size(); ++i) {
                                bn[o][i + m] -= coef * bo[g][i] % mod;
                                if (bn[o][i + m] < 0) bn[o][i + m] -= mod;
                            }
                            while (bn[o].size() && bn[o].back() == 0) bn[o].pop_back();
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return std::make_pair(an[0], bn[0]);
        };
        std::vector<std::tuple<LL, LL, int>> fac;
        for (LL i = 2; i * i <= mod; ++i)
            if (mod % i == 0) {
                LL cnt = 0, pw = 1;
                while (mod % i == 0) mod /= i, ++cnt, pw *= i;
                fac.emplace_back(pw, i, cnt);
            }
        if (mod > 1) fac.emplace_back(mod, mod, 1);
        std::vector<vec> as;
        size_t n = 0;
        for (auto &&x: fac) {
            LL mod, p, e;
            vec a, b;
            std::tie(mod, p, e) = x;
            auto ss = s;
            for (auto &&x: ss) x %= mod;
            std::tie(a, b) = prime_power(ss, mod, p, e);
            as.emplace_back(a);
            n = std::max(n, a.size());
        }
        vec a(n), c(as.size()), m(as.size());
        for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            for (size_t j = 0; j < as.size(); ++j) {
                m[j] = std::get<0>(fac[j]);
                c[j] = i < as[j].size() ? as[j][i] : 0;
            }
            a[i] = crt(c, m);
        }
        return a;
    }
    LinearRecurrence(const vec &s, const vec &c, LL mod) :
            init(s), trans(c), mod(mod), m(s.size()) {}
   
    LinearRecurrence(const vec &s, LL mod, bool is_prime = true) : mod(mod) {
        vec A;
        A = ReedsSloane(s, mod);
        if (A.empty()) A = {0};
        m = A.size() - 1;
        trans.resize(m);
        for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) trans[i] = (mod - A[i + 1]) % mod;
           
        std::reverse(trans.begin(), trans.end());
        init = {s.begin(), s.begin() + m};
    }
    
    LL calc(LL n) {
        if (mod == 1) return 0;
        if (n < m) return init[n];
        vec v(m), u(m << 1);
        int msk = !!n;
        for (LL m = n; m > 1; m >>= 1) msk <<= 1;
        v[0] = 1 % mod;
        for (int x = 0; msk; msk >>= 1, x <<= 1) {
            std::fill_n(u.begin(), m * 2, 0);
            x |= !!(n & msk);
            if (x < m) u[x] = 1 % mod;
            else {// can be optimized by fft/ntt
                for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
                    for (int j = 0, t = i + (x & 1); j < m; ++j, ++t)
                        u[t] = (u[t] + v[i] * v[j]) % mod;
                for (int i = m * 2 - 1; i >= m; --i)
                    for (int j = 0, t = i - m; j < m; ++j, ++t)
                        u[t] = (u[t] + trans[j] * u[i]) % mod;
            }
            v = {u.begin(), u.begin() + m};
        }
        LL ret = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) ret = (ret + v[i] * init[i]) % mod;
        return ret;
    }
    vec init, trans;
    LL mod;
    int m;
};
int quick_pow(int a,int b)
{
    int ans=1;
    while(b)
    {
        if(b&1) ans=1LL*a*ans%mod;
        a=1LL*a*a%mod;
        b>>=1;
    }
    return ans;
}
int main()
{
    int n,m;
    scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
    vector<LL> f;
    f.push_back(0),f.push_back(1);
    for(int i=2;i<=2000;i++){
        f.push_back((f[i-1]+f[i-2])%mod);
    }
    for(int i=1;i<=2000;i++) f[i]=quick_pow(f[i],m);
    for(int i=1;i<=2000;i++) f[i]=(f[i]+f[i-1])%mod;
    LinearRecurrence qw(f,mod,false);
    printf("%lld\n",qw.calc(n));
    return 0; 
}

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2019牛客暑期多校训练营（第九场）A——The power of Fibonacci（循环节+中国剩余定理（互质）||广义BM）

链接：https://ac.nowcoder.com/acm/contest/889/A来源：牛客网时间限制：C/C++ 2秒，其他语言4秒空间限制：C/C++ 262144K，其他语言524288K64bit IO Format: %lld题目描述Amy asks Mr. B problem A. Please help Mr. B to solve the follow...
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