1、映射类型：字典
1、如何创建字典和赋值
字典可用多种方式来创建:
使用花括号内以逗号分隔
键: 值对的方式:{'jack': 4098, 'sjoerd': 4127}or{4098: 'jack', 4127: 'sjoerd'}使用字典推导式:
{},{x: x ** 2 for x in range(10)}使用类型构造器:
a = dict(one=1, two=2, three=3) b = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3} c = dict(zip(['one', 'two', 'three'], [1, 2, 3])) d = dict([('two', 2), ('one', 1), ('three', 3)]) e = dict({'three': 3, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}) f = dict({'one': 1, 'three': 3}, two=2)2、如何访问字典的值
a = {"1": "abc"} for key in a.keys(): print(key, a[key]) for key in a: print(key, a[key]) value = a["1"]3、如何更新字典的值
a = {"1": "abc"} a["1"] = "bcd"4、如何删除字典的元素以及本身
del dict2['name'] # 删除键为“name”的条目 dict2.clear() # 删除 dict2 中所有的条目 del dict2 # 删除整个 dict2 字典 dict2.pop('name') # 删除并返回键为“name”的条目
2、映射类型操作符
1、标准类型操作符 <>= !=
>>> dict4 = {'abc': 123} >>> dict5 = {'abc': 456} >>> dict6 = {'abc': 123, 98.6: 37} >>> dict7 = {'xyz': 123} >>> dict4 < dict52、映射类型操作符
字典的键查找操作符（[ ]）
(键)成员关系操作( in ,not in)
3、映射的内建函数和工厂函数
1、标准类型函数
type（） str() cmp()
字典比较法顺序：
1、比较字典的长度len
2、比较字典的键key
3、比较字典的值value
2、映射类型相关函数
dict（）函数
>>> dict(zip(('x', 'y'), (1, 2))) {'y': 2, 'x': 1} >>> dict([['x', 1], ['y', 2]]) {'y': 2, 'x': 1} >>> dict([('xy'[i-1], i) for i in range(1,3)]) {'y': 2, 'x': 1} >>> dict(x=1, y=2) {'y': 2, 'x': 1} >>> dict8 = dict(x=1, y=2) >>> dict8 {'y': 2, 'x': 1} >>> dict9 = dict(**dict8) >>> dict9 {'y': 2, 'x': 1}len（）函数
hash（）函数
内建函数 hash()本身并不是为字典设计的方法，但它可以判断某个对象是否可以做一个字典的 键。将一个对象作为参数传递给 hash(), 会返回这个对象的哈希值。 只有这个对象是可哈希的， 才可作为字典的键 (函数的返回值是整数，不产生错误或异常)，如果不能hash则产生异常。
4、映射类型的内建方法
class dict(object):
"""
dict() -> 空字典
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> dict(one=1, two=2)
"""
def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 清空元素 """
pass
def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""浅拷贝 """
pass
@staticmethod # known case
def fromkeys(seq, val=None): # real signature unknown
"""
seq – 字典键值列表。
value – 可选参数, 设置键序列（seq）对应的值，默认为 None。
创建并返回一个新字典，其中 seq 的元素作为字典的键，val 作为所有键对应的
初始值（若没给定，则默认为 None）
"""
pass
def get(self, key, default=None): # real signature unknown
"""
对于键 key 返回其对应的值，或者若 dict 中不含 key 则返回 default（注意，default
的默认值为 None）
"""
pass
def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 返回 dict 的(key, value)元组对的一个迭代版本⑥ """
pass
def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 返回 dict 所有键的一个迭代版本 """
pass
def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
"""
类似于 get()，但删除并返回 dict[key](如果给定了 key)；如果 key 不存在于 dict
中且未给出 default，则抛出 KeyError 异常
"""
pass
def popitem(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
popitem的功能
删除当前字典里末尾一组键值对并将其返回
popitem的用法
用法：
dict.popitem()
返回被删除的键值对，用元组包裹索引是key，1索引是value
该函数的注意事项
如果字典为空，会直接报错
"""
pass
def setdefault(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
类似于 get()，但如果 key 不存在于 dict 中，则设置 dict[key]=default
"""
pass
def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update
"""
update() 函数把字典dict2的 键 / 值 对更新到dict1里。
"""
pass
def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" 返回 dict 中值的一个迭代版本 """
pass
def __class_getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" See PEP 585 """
pass
def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" True if the dictionary has the specified key, else False. """
pass
def __delitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Delete self[key]. """
pass
def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self==value. """
pass
def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass
def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """
pass
def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>=value. """
pass
def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>value. """
pass
def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__
"""
dict() -> new empty dictionary
dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
(key, value) pairs
dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via:
d = {}
for k, v in iterable:
d[k] = v
dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs
in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)
# (copied from class doc)
"""
pass
def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self|=value. """
pass
def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement iter(self). """
pass
def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return len(self). """
pass
def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<=value. """
pass
def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<value. """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self!=value. """
pass
def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self|value. """
pass
def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass
def __reversed__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a reverse iterator over the dict keys. """
pass
def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value|self. """
pass
def __setitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Set self[key] to value. """
pass
def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """
pass
__hash__ = None5、字典的键
1、字典中的键是有类型限制的，只要是不可变类型就可以
2、不允许一个键对应多个值
3、键必须是可哈希的
6、集合类型
1、如何创建集合和赋值
集合被创建的唯一方法 - 用集合的工厂方法 set() 和 frozenset()
2、如何访问集合中的值
可以遍历查看集合成员或检查某项元素是否是一个集合中的成员
3、如何更新集合
只有可变集合能被修改。试图修改不可变集合会引发异常
>>> s.add('z') >>> s set(['c', 'e', 'h', 'o', 'p', 's', 'z']) >>> s.update('pypi') >>> s set(['c', 'e', 'i', 'h', 'o', 'p', 's', 'y', 'z']) >>> s.remove('z') >>> s set(['c', 'e', 'i', 'h', 'o', 'p', 's', 'y']) >>> s -= set('pypi')
4、如何删除集合元素和本身
remove（）、del（）
7、集合类型操作符
1、标准类型操作符（所有的集合类型）
成员关系 (in, not in)
集合等价/不等价 、集合等价/不等价与集合的类型或集合成员的顺序无关
子集/超集：Sets 用 Python 的比较操作符检查某集合是否是其他集合的超集或子集。“小于”符号( , >= )用来判断超集。
2、集合类型操作符（所有的集合类型）
联合( | ) union()
>>> s | t set(['c', 'b', 'e', 'h', 'k', 'o', 'p', 's'])交集( & ) intersection()
>>> s & t set(['h', 's', 'o', 'p']差补/相对补集( – )difference()
对称差分( ^ )symmetric_difference()
a = set("abc") b = set("bcd") print(a | b, a & b, a - b, a ^ b) {'b', 'c', 'd', 'a'} {'b', 'c'} {'a'} {'d', 'a'}3、集合类型操作符（仅适用于可变集合）
(Union) Update ( |= )
保留/交集更新( &= )
差更新 ( –= )
对称差分更新( ^= )
8、内建函数
1、标准类型函数
len（）str（）type() cmp()
2、集合类型工厂函数
set() and frozenset()
9、操作符、函数\方法
1、可变集合
class set(object): """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object """ def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 添加操作：将 obj 添加到 s 中 """ pass def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 清空元素 """ pass def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 浅拷贝 """ pass def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 差集s – t 差操作：存在于 s 中且不存在于 t 中的元素。 """ pass def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ s -= t 差更新操作：s 仅仅包含 s 中不存在于 t 中的原始成员 """ pass def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 丢弃操作：remove()的更友好版本，如果 obj 存在于 s 中，则从 s 中移除 obj """ pass def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ s & t 交操作：s 和 t 中的元素 """ pass def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ s &= t 交更新操作：s 仅仅包含原始 s 与 t 的成员""" pass def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """ pass def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Report whether another set contains this set. """ pass def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ s >= t 超集测试（允许不适当的超集）：t 所有的元素都是 s 的成员 """ pass def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 弹出操作：删除并返回 s 中的任意元素 为空抛出异常 """ pass def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ 丢弃操作：如果 obj 存在于 s 中，则从 s 中移除 obj 不存在抛出异常 """ pass def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ s ^ t 对称差操作：仅仅存在于 s 和 t 二者之一中的元素 """ pass def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ s ^= t 对称差更新操作：s 只包含原始 s 和 t 二者之一中的成员 """ pass def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ s | t 并操作：s 或 t 中的元素 """ pass def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """s |= t （联合）更新操作：把 t 中成员添加到 s 中. """ pass def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&value. """ pass def __class_getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ See PEP 585 """ pass def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """ pass def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self==value. """ pass def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return getattr(self, name). """ pass def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>=value. """ pass def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self>value. """ pass def __iand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self&=value. """ pass def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__ """ set() -> new empty set object set(iterable) -> new set object Build an unordered collection of unique elements. # (copied from class doc) """ pass def __ior__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|=value. """ pass def __isub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-=value. """ pass def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Implement iter(self). """ pass def __ixor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^=value. """ pass def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return len(self). """ pass def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<=value. """ pass def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self<value. """ pass @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ pass def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self!=value. """ pass def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self|value. """ pass def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value&self. """ pass def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return state information for pickling. """ pass def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return repr(self). """ pass def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value|self. """ pass def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value-self. """ pass def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return value^self. """ pass def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ pass def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self-value. """ pass def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return self^value. """ pass __hash__ = None
2、不可变集合
class frozenset(object):
"""
frozenset() -> empty frozenset object
frozenset(iterable) -> frozenset object
Build an immutable unordered collection of unique elements.
"""
def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a shallow copy of a set. """
pass
def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
"""
pass
def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
"""
pass
def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
pass
def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether another set contains this set. """
pass
def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Report whether this set contains another set. """
pass
def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
"""
pass
def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Return the union of sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
"""
pass
def __and__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self&value. """
pass
def __class_getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" See PEP 585 """
pass
def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """
pass
def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self==value. """
pass
def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return getattr(self, name). """
pass
def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>=value. """
pass
def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self>value. """
pass
def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return hash(self). """
pass
def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of frozenset.__init__
""" Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature. """
pass
def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Implement iter(self). """
pass
def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return len(self). """
pass
def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<=value. """
pass
def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self<value. """
pass
@staticmethod # known case of __new__
def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """
pass
def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self!=value. """
pass
def __or__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self|value. """
pass
def __rand__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value&self. """
pass
def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return state information for pickling. """
pass
def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return repr(self). """
pass
def __ror__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value|self. """
pass
def __rsub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value-self. """
pass
def __rxor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return value^self. """
pass
def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
""" S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """
pass
def __sub__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self-value. """
pass
def __xor__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return self^value. """
pass
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