文件读取操作
# 打开文件 open(name, mode, encoding) r:只读,w:写入,原有内容会清除,若不存在则创建。a:打开文件用于追加,若不存在则创建
f = open("ceshi.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")
print(type(f))
# 读取文件 read(num),读取指定长度字节,未传入则读取全部数据
st = f.read(1)
print(st)
# readlines() ,按照行的方法把文件一次性读取
ss = f.readlines()
print(ss) # ['23\n', '456\n', '7889']
print("----------------------------------")
# readline() 一次读一行
f = open("ceshi.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")
ss = f.readline()
print(ss)
# for循环读取文件行
for line in f:
print(line)
time.sleep(3)
# 文件关闭 close()
f.close()
# with open 语法操作文件,运行完自动关闭文件
with open("ceshi.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
for line in f:
print(line)
文件写入
f = open("ceshi.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8")
f.write("我爱你") # 只是写在缓冲区
# 内容刷新
f.flush() # 内容真正写入
f.close()
# 文件追加
f = open("ceshi.txt", "a", encoding="utf-8")
f.write("\n亲爱的")
f.flush()
f.close()
异常、模块、包
try:
f = open("cs.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")
except:
print("文件不存在")
# 捕获指定异常
try:
print(name)
except NameError as e:
print("出现了变量未定义")
print(e)
# 捕获多个异常
try:
1/0
except (NameError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:
print("出现了变量未定义或者除0的异常")
# 捕获所有异常
try:
1/0
except Exception as e:
print("出现异常了")
# ------------------------------------------------------
try:
print("123")
except Exception as e:
print("出现异常了")
else:
print("没有异常")
# ----------------------------------------------
try:
print("123")
except Exception as e:
print("出现异常了")
else:
print("没有异常")
finally:
print("无论是否有异常都要执行finally")
异常具有传递性。
def func1():
print("f1执行")
num = 1/0 # 肯定有异常
print("func1结束")
def func2():
print("f2执行")
func1()
print("func2结束")
def main():
try:
func2()
except Exception as e:
print(f"出现异常了,{e}")
main() # f2执行 f1执行 出现异常了,division by zero
python的模块
模块导入
[from 模块名] import [模块|类|变量|函数|*] [as 别名]
# 使用import导入time模块使用sleep
import time
print("1")
time.sleep(1) # 睡眠 1s
print("2")
# 使用from导入time功能
from time import sleep
print("3")
sleep(1) # 睡眠 1s
print("4")
# 使用* 导入time模块全部功能
from time import * # *表示全部
print("5")
sleep(1) # 睡眠 1s
print("6")
# 使用as加别名,防止模块名过长
import time as t
print("7")
t.sleep(1) # 睡眠 1s
print("8")
自定义模块
def test(x, y):
return x+y
import my_model01 as m1
a = int(input())
b = int(input())
res = m1.test(a, b)
print(f"结果是:{res}")
python包
物理上是文件夹
# 导入包
import my_package.my_model1
from my_package import my_model1
安装第三方包:使用pip程序
打开命令提示符,输入:pip install 包名
install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple 包名