python *args和**kwargs

#-*-coding:utf-8-*-  
def foo(*args, **kwargs):
    print 'args = ', args
    print 'kwargs = ', kwargs
    print '---------------------------------------'
if __name__ == '__main__':
    foo(1,2,3,4)
    foo(a=1,b=2,c=3)
    foo(1,2,3,4, a=1,b=2,c=3)
    foo('a', 1, None, a=1, b='2', c=3)

输出结果如下：

可以看出来，*args是任意多个无名的参数，它是一个tuple，而**kwargs表示有名字的关键字参数，它是一个字典。

有一点需要注意的是，在python中，args的参数不能写在kwargs后面。否则会报如下错：

SyntaxError: non-keyword arg after keyword arg

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

>>> def print_three_things(a, b, c):
...     print "a =", a, "& b =", b, "& c =", c
...
>>> mylist = ['aardvark', 'baboon', 'cat']
>>> print_three_things(*mylist)
a = aardvark & b = baboon & c = cat

这个例子比较神奇的，python原来可以自动将参数解析后再与调用的函数匹配。

官网：http://docs.python.org/3.0/tutorial/controlflow.html#more-on-defining-functions

When a final formal parameter of the form **name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form *name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. (*name must occur before **name.) For example, if we define a function like this:

def cheeseshop(kind, *arguments, **keywords):
    print("-- Do you have any", kind, "?")
    print("-- I'm sorry, we're all out of", kind)
    for arg in arguments: print(arg)
    print("-" * 40)
    keys = sorted(keywords.keys())
    for kw in keys: print(kw, ":", keywords[kw])

It could be called like this:

cheeseshop("Limburger", "It's very runny, sir.",
           "It's really very, VERY runny, sir.",
           shopkeeper="Michael Palin",
           client="John Cleese",
           sketch="Cheese Shop Sketch")

and of course it would print:

-- Do you have any Limburger ?
-- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger
It's very runny, sir.
It's really very, VERY runny, sir.
----------------------------------------
client : John Cleese
shopkeeper : Michael Palin
sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch

Note that the list of keyword argument names is created by sorting the result of the keywords dictionary’s keys() method before printing its contents; if this is not done, the order in which the arguments are printed is undefined.

Unpacking Argument Lists

The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuplebut need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positionalarguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separatestart and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write thefunction call with the *-operator to unpack the arguments out of a listor tuple:

>>> list(range(3, 6))            # normal call with separate arguments
[3, 4, 5]
>>> args = [3, 6]
>>> list(range(*args))            # call with arguments unpacked from a list
[3, 4, 5]

In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the **-operator:

>>> def parrot(voltage, state='a stiff', action='voom'):
...     print("-- This parrot wouldn't", action, end=' ')
...     print("if you put", voltage, "volts through it.", end=' ')
...     print("E's", state, "!")
...
>>> d = {"voltage": "four million", "state": "bleedin' demised", "action": "VOOM"}
>>> parrot(**d)
-- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised !