6.16Socket IPC 本地套接字

title	date	comments	categories	tags	permalink
socket IPC(本地套接字)	2020/3/20	true	linux	udp 服务器	6.16

socket IPC介绍

socket API原本是为网络通讯设计的，但后来在socket的框架上发展出一种IPC机制，就是UNIX Domain Socket。虽然网络socket也可用于同一台主机的进程间通讯（通过loopback地址127.0.0.1），但是UNIX Domain Socket用于IPC更有效率：不需要经过网络协议栈，不需要打包拆包、计算校验和、维护序号和应答等，只是将应用层数据从一个进程拷贝到另一个进程。

这是因为，IPC机制本质上是可靠的通讯，而网络协议是为不可靠的通讯设计的。UNIX Domain Socket也提供面向流和面向数据包两种API接口，类似于TCP和UDP，但是面向消息的UNIX Domain Socket也是可靠的，消息既不会丢失也不会顺序错乱。

UNIX Domain Socket是全双工的，API接口语义丰富，相比其它IPC机制有明显的优越性，目前已成为使用最广泛的IPC机制，比如X Window服务器和GUI程序之间就是通过UNIXDomain Socket通讯的。

使用UNIX Domain Socket的过程和网络socket十分相似，也要先调用socket()创建一个socket文件描述符，address family指定为AF_UNIX，type可以选择SOCK_DGRAM或SOCK_STREAM，protocol参数仍然指定为0即可。

UNIX Domain Socket与网络socket编程最明显的不同在于地址格式不同，用结构体sockaddr_un表示，网络编程的socket地址是IP地址加端口号，而UNIX Domain Socket的地址是一个socket类型的文件在文件系统中的路径，这个socket文件由bind()调用创建，如果调用bind()时该文件已存在，则bind()错误返回。

本地套接字与网络套接字的区别

struct sockaddr_in {
  __kernel_sa_family_t sin_family;       /* Address family */    地址结构类型
  __be16 sin_port;             /* Port number */    端口号
  struct in_addr sin_addr;          /* Internet address */  IP地址
};
struct sockaddr_un {
  __kernel_sa_family_t sun_family;     /* AF_UNIX */      地址结构类型
  char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX];     /* pathname */    socket文件名(含路径)
};
//以下程序将UNIX Domain socket绑定到一个地址。
  size = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(un.sun_path);
  #define offsetof(type, member) ((int)&((type *)0)->MEMBER)

示例代码

服务端代码如下所示

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>

#define QLEN 10

int serv_listen(const char *name)
{
  int fd, len, err, rval;
  struct sockaddr_un un;

  // create a UNIX domain stream socket
  if ((fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
    return (-1);
  // in case it already exists
  unlink(name);

  // fill in socket address structure
  memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));
  un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
  strcpy(un.sun_path, name);
  len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(name);

  // bind the name to the descriptor
  if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0)
  {
    rval = -2;
    goto errout;
  }
  if (listen(fd, QLEN) < 0)
  { //* tell kernel we're a server
    rval = -3;
    goto errout;
  }
  return (fd);

errout:
  err = errno;
  close(fd);
  errno = err;
  return (rval);
}
int serv_accept(int listenfd, uid_t *uidptr)
{
  int clifd, len, err, rval;
  time_t staletime;
  struct sockaddr_un un;
  struct stat statbuf;

  len = sizeof(un);
  if ((clifd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, &len)) < 0)
    return (-1); //* often errno=EINTR, if signal caught

  // obtain the client's uid from its calling address
  len -= offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path); //* len of pathname
  un.sun_path[len] = 0;               //* null terminate

  if (stat(un.sun_path, &statbuf) < 0)
  {
    rval = -2;
    goto errout;
  }
  if (S_ISSOCK(statbuf.st_mode) == 0)
  {
    rval = -3; //* not a socket */
    goto errout;
  }
  if (uidptr != NULL)
    *uidptr = statbuf.st_uid; // return uid of caller
  // we're done with pathname now
  unlink(un.sun_path);
  return (clifd);

errout:
  err = errno;
  close(clifd);
  errno = err;
  return (rval);
}
int main(void)
{
  int lfd, cfd, n, i;
  uid_t cuid;
  char buf[1024];
  lfd = serv_listen("foo.socket");

  if (lfd < 0)
  {
    switch (lfd)
    {
    case -3:
      perror("listen");
      break;
    case -2:
      perror("bind");
      break;
    case -1:
      perror("socket");
      break;
    }
    exit(-1);
  }
  cfd = serv_accept(lfd, &cuid);
  if (cfd < 0)
  {
    switch (cfd)
    {
    case -3:
      perror("not a socket");
      break;
    case -2:
      perror("a bad filename");
      break;
    case -1:
      perror("accept");
      break;
    }
    exit(-1);
  }
  while (1)
  {
  r_again:
    n = read(cfd, buf, 1024);
    if (n == -1)
    {
      if (errno == EINTR)
        goto r_again;
    }
    else if (n == 0)
    {
      printf("the other side has been closed.\n");
      break;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
      buf[i] = toupper(buf[i]);
    write(cfd, buf, n);
  }
  close(cfd);
  close(lfd);
  return 0;
}

客户端代码如下所示

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
#include <errno.h>

#define CLI_PATH "/var/tmp/" /* +5 for pid = 14 chars */
/*
* Create a client endpoint and connect to a server.
* Returns fd if all OK, <0 on error.
*/
int cli_conn(const char *name)
{
  int fd, len, err, rval;
  struct sockaddr_un un;

  /* create a UNIX domain stream socket */
  if ((fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0)
    return(-1);

  /* fill socket address structure with our address */
  memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));
  un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
  sprintf(un.sun_path, "%s%05d", CLI_PATH, getpid());
  len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(un.sun_path);

  /* in case it already exists */
  unlink(un.sun_path);
  if (bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {
    rval = -2;
    goto errout;
  }

  /* fill socket address structure with server's address */
  memset(&un, 0, sizeof(un));
  un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
  strcpy(un.sun_path, name);
  len = offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(name);
  if (connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&un, len) < 0) {
    rval = -4;
    goto errout;
  }
return(fd);
  errout:
  err = errno;
  close(fd);
  errno = err;
  return(rval);
}
int main(void)
{
  int fd, n;
  char buf[1024];

  fd = cli_conn("foo.socket");
  if (fd < 0) {
    switch (fd) {
      case -4:perror("connect"); break;
      case -3:perror("listen"); break;
      case -2:perror("bind"); break;
      case -1:perror("socket"); break;
    }
    exit(-1);
  }
  while (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) != NULL) {
    write(fd, buf, strlen(buf));
    n = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
    write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n);
  }
  close(fd);
  return 0;
}