事务定义:数据库事务是指由一个或多个SQL语句组成的工作单元,这个工作单元中的SQL语句相互依赖,如果有一个SQL语句执行失败,就必须撤销整个工作单元。
事务的特性ACID:原子性,一致性,独立性,持久性
事务可能出现的问题:
-
第一类丢失更新 lost update
-
脏读, 读到还没体检的事务数据 dirty read
-
non-repeatable read 不可重复读
-
second lost update problem 第二次丢失更新
-
phantom read 幻读(插入和删除)
只要考虑2,3,5 其他都是特殊情况
处理这些问题的解决方案,就是事务的隔离机制:
1,read-uncommitted 2,read-committed 4,repeatable read 8,serializable
只要是数据库支持事务,就不会出现上面的第一种情况(lost update)
read-uncommitted会出现2,3,5的问题
read-committed 会出现 3,5 的问题
serializable可解决所有问题,但是效率很低
所以我们在程序中一般设定Hibernate的隔离级别为2(read-committed )
乐观锁和悲观锁的前提也就是hibernate.conection.isolation=2 也就是隔离级别为read-committed
悲观锁是依赖数据库中的锁, 而乐观锁是在程序中做处理, 所以乐观锁的效率要高
下面就先看一个使用悲观锁的简单例子:
package com.lbx.hibernate;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
@Entity
public class Account {
private int id;
private int balance; //BigDecimal
@Id
@GeneratedValue
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getBalance() {
return balance;
}
public void setBalance(int balance) {
this.balance = balance;
}
}
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-configuration> <session-factory> <property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property> <property name="connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost/testhib</property> <property name="connection.username">root</property> <property name="connection.password">root</property> <property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property> <!-- <property name="connection.driver_class">oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver</property> <property name="connection.url">jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:SXT</property> <property name="connection.username">scott</property> <property name="connection.password">tiger</property> <property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.OracleDialect</property> --> <!-- JDBC connection pool (use the built-in) --> <property name="connection.pool_size">1</property> <!-- Enable Hibernate's automatic session context management --> <property name="current_session_context_class">thread</property> <!-- Disable the second-level cache <property name="cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.NoCacheProvider</property> --> <property name="cache.use_second_level_cache">true</property> <property name="cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider</property> <property name="cache.use_query_cache">true</property> <!-- Echo all executed SQL to stdout --> <property name="show_sql">true</property> <property name="format_sql">true</property> <property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property> <!-- Drop and re-create the database schema on startup <property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property> --> <mapping class="com.lbx.hibernate.Account"/> </session-factory> </hibernate-configuration>
package com.lbx.hibernate;
import org.hibernate.LockMode;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationConfiguration;
import org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.SchemaExport;
import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;
import com.lbx.hibernate.Account;
public class HibernateCacheTest {
private static SessionFactory sf;
@BeforeClass
public static void beforeClass() {
sf = new AnnotationConfiguration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
}
@AfterClass
public static void afterClass() {
sf.close();
}
@Test
public void testSchemaExport() {
new SchemaExport(new AnnotationConfiguration().configure()).create(false, true);
}
@Test
public void testSave() {
Session session = sf.openSession();
session.beginTransaction();
Account a = new Account();
a.setBalance(100);
session.save(a);
session.getTransaction().commit();
session.close();
}
//没加悲观锁之前,可能会出问题
@Test
public void testOperation1() {
Session session = sf.openSession();
session.beginTransaction();
Account a = (Account)session.load(Account.class, 1);
int balance = a.getBalance();
//没完成之前做点其他的事
balance = balance - 10;
a.setBalance(balance);
session.getTransaction().commit();
session.close();
}
//加了悲观锁之后,就可以解决问题
@Test
public void testPessimisticLock() {
Session session = sf.openSession();
session.beginTransaction();
Account a = (Account)session.load(Account.class, 1, LockMode.UPGRADE);
int balance = a.getBalance();
//do some caculation
balance = balance - 10;
a.setBalance(balance);
session.getTransaction().commit();
session.close();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
beforeClass();
}
}
下面就是一个乐观锁的简单例子(加了个标记version):
package com.lbx.hibernate;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.Version;
@Entity
public class Account {
private int id;
private int balance;
private int version;
@Version
public int getVersion() {
return version;
}
public void setVersion(int version) {
this.version = version;
}
@Id
@GeneratedValue
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public int getBalance() {
return balance;
}
public void setBalance(int balance) {
this.balance = balance;
}
}
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN" "http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-configuration> <session-factory> <property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property> <property name="connection.url">jdbc:mysql://localhost/testhib</property> <property name="connection.username">root</property> <property name="connection.password">root</property> <property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property> <!-- <property name="connection.driver_class">oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver</property> <property name="connection.url">jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:SXT</property> <property name="connection.username">scott</property> <property name="connection.password">tiger</property> <property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.OracleDialect</property> --> <!-- JDBC connection pool (use the built-in) --> <property name="connection.pool_size">1</property> <!-- Enable Hibernate's automatic session context management --> <property name="current_session_context_class">thread</property> <!-- Disable the second-level cache <property name="cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.NoCacheProvider</property> --> <property name="cache.use_second_level_cache">true</property> <property name="cache.provider_class">org.hibernate.cache.EhCacheProvider</property> <property name="cache.use_query_cache">true</property> <!-- Echo all executed SQL to stdout --> <property name="show_sql">true</property> <property name="format_sql">true</property> <property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property> <!-- Drop and re-create the database schema on startup <property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property> --> <mapping class="com.lbx.hibernate.Account"/> </session-factory> </hibernate-configuration>
package com.lbx.hibernate;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationConfiguration;
import org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.SchemaExport;
import org.junit.AfterClass;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;
import com.lbx.hibernate.Account;
public class HibernateCacheTest {
private static SessionFactory sf;
@BeforeClass
public static void beforeClass() {
sf = new AnnotationConfiguration().configure().buildSessionFactory();
}
@AfterClass
public static void afterClass() {
sf.close();
}
@Test
public void testSchemaExport() {
new SchemaExport(new AnnotationConfiguration().configure()).create(
false, true);
}
@Test
public void testSave() {
Session session = sf.openSession();
session.beginTransaction();
Account a = new Account();
a.setBalance(100);
session.save(a);
session.getTransaction().commit();
session.close();
}
//测试乐观锁
@Test
public void testOptimisticLock() {
Session session = sf.openSession();
Session session2 = sf.openSession();
session.beginTransaction();
Account a1 = (Account) session.load(Account.class, 1);
session2.beginTransaction();
Account a2 = (Account) session2.load(Account.class, 1);
a1.setBalance(900);
a2.setBalance(1100);
session.getTransaction().commit(); //提交之后,改变了
System.out.println(a1.getVersion());
session2.getTransaction().commit(); //所以在这提交再改变数据就报错
System.out.println(a2.getVersion());
session.close();
session2.close();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
beforeClass();
}
}