前面介绍了 PostgreSQL 基础概念及安装部署、目录结构与配置文件 postgresql.conf、常用管理命令、访问控制与认证相关的知识点，今天我将详细的为大家介绍 PostgreSQL 语法 相关知识，希望大家能够从中收获多多！如有帮助，请点在看、转发支持一波！！！
默认情况下 PostgreSQL 安装完成后，自带了一个命令行工具SQL Shell(psql)。
Linux 系统可以直接切换到 postgres 用户来开启命令行工具：
# sudo -i -u postgres
Windows系统一般在它的安装目录下：
Program Files → PostgreSQL 11.3 → SQL Shell(psql)
Mac OS我们直接搜索就可以了找到：
进入命令行工具，我们可以使用 \help 来查看各个命令的语法：
postgres-# \help <command_name>
例如，我们查看下 select 语句的语法：
-
postgres=# \help SELECT
-
Command: SELECT
-
Description: retrieve rows from a table or view
-
Syntax:
-
[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] with_query [, ...] ]
-
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
-
[ * | expression [ [ AS ] output_name ] [, ...] ]
-
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
-
[ WHERE condition ]
-
[ GROUP BY grouping_element [, ...] ]
-
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
-
[ WINDOW window_name AS ( window_definition ) [, ...] ]
-
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL | DISTINCT ]
select ]
-
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] ]
-
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
-
[ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
-
[ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]
-
[ FOR { UPDATE | NO KEY UPDATE | SHARE | KEY SHARE } [ OF table_name [, ...] ] [ NOWAIT | SKIP LOCKED ] [...] ]
-
-
#from_item 可以是以下选项之一
-
[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
更多关于大数据 PostgreSQL 系列的学习文章，请参阅：PostgreSQL 数据库，本系列持续更新中。
SQL 语句
一个 SQL 语句通常包含了关键字、标识符（字段）、常量、特殊符号等，下面是一个简单的 SQL 语句：
SELECT id, name FROM runoob
PostgreSQL 命令
ABORT
ABORT 用于退出当前事务。
ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
ALTER AGGREGATE
修改一个聚集函数的定义 。
ALTER COLLATION
修改一个排序规则定义 。
ALTER CONVERSION
修改一个编码转换的定义。
ALTER DATABASE
修改一个数据库。
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
定义默认的访问权限。
ALTER DOMAIN
修改一个域的定义。
ALTER FUNCTION
修改一个函数的定义。
-
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [
type [, ...] ] ) RENAME TO new_name
-
ALTER FUNCTION name ( [
type [, ...] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER GROUP
修改一个用户组。
ALTER INDEX
修改一个索引的定义。
ALTER LANGUAGE
修改一个过程语言的定义。
ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name
ALTER OPERATOR
改变一个操作符的定义。
ALTER OPERATOR CLASS
修改一个操作符表的定义。
ALTER SCHEMA
修改一个模式的定义。
ALTER SEQUENCE
修改一个序列生成器的定义。
ALTER TABLE
修改表的定义。
其中 action 可以是以选项之一：
-
ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ ... ] ]
-
DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
-
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE
type [ USING expression ]
-
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression
-
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT
-
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL
-
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer
-
ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }
-
ADD table_constraint
-
DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
-
CLUSTER ON index_name
-
SET WITHOUT CLUSTER
-
SET WITHOUT OIDS
-
OWNER TO new_owner
-
SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name
ALTER TABLESPACE
修改一个表空间的定义。
ALTER TRIGGER
修改改变一个触发器的定义 。
ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name
ALTER TYPE
修改一个类型的定义 。
ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner
ALTER USER
修改数据库用户帐号 。
-
ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
-
ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name
-
ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
-
ALTER USER name RESET parameter
-
Where option can be −
-
-
[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD
'password'
-
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
-
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
-
| VALID UNTIL
'abstime'
ANALYZE
收集与数据库有关的统计。
ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, ...] ) ] ]
更多关于大数据 PostgreSQL 系列的学习文章，请参阅：PostgreSQL 数据库，本系列持续更新中。
BEGIN
开始一个事务块。
CHECKPOINT
强制一个事务日志检查点 。
CHECKPOINT
CLOSE
关闭游标。
CLOSE name
CLUSTER
根据一个索引对某个表盘簇化排序。
COMMENT
定义或者改变一个对象的注释。
-
COMMENT ON {
-
TABLE object_name |
-
COLUMN table_name.column_name |
-
AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |
-
CAST (source_type AS target_type) |
-
CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |
-
CONVERSION object_name |
-
DATABASE object_name |
-
DOMAIN object_name |
-
FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, ...) |
-
INDEX object_name |
-
LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |
-
OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |
-
OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |
-
[ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |
-
RULE rule_name ON table_name |
-
SCHEMA object_name |
-
SEQUENCE object_name |
-
TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |
-
TYPE object_name |
-
VIEW object_name
-
}
-
IS
'text'
COMMIT
提交当前事务。
COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
COPY
在表和文件之间拷贝数据。
-
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
-
FROM {
'filename' | STDIN }
-
[ WITH ]
-
[ BINARY ]
-
[ OIDS ]
-
[ DELIMITER [ AS ]
'delimiter' ]
-
[ NULL [ AS ]
'null string' ]
-
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ]
'quote' ]
-
[ ESCAPE [ AS ]
'escape' ]
-
[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, ...] ]
-
COPY table_name [ ( column [, ...] ) ]
-
TO {
'filename' | STDOUT }
-
[ [ WITH ]
-
[ BINARY ]
-
[ OIDS ]
-
[ DELIMITER [ AS ]
'delimiter' ]
-
[ NULL [ AS ]
'null string' ]
-
[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ]
'quote' ]
-
[ ESCAPE [ AS ]
'escape' ]
-
[ FORCE QUOTE column [, ...] ]
CREATE AGGREGATE
定义一个新的聚集函数。
CREATE CAST
定义一个用户定义的转换。
CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER
定义一个新的约束触发器 。
CREATE CONVERSION
定义一个新的的编码转换。
CREATE DATABASE
创建新数据库。
CREATE DOMAIN
定义一个新域。
CREATE FUNCTION
定义一个新函数。
-
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] )
-
RETURNS ret_type
-
{ LANGUAGE lang_name
-
| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE
-
| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT
-
| [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER
-
| AS
'definition'
-
| AS
'obj_file',
'link_symbol'
-
} ...
-
[ WITH ( attribute [, ...] ) ]
CREATE GROUP
定义一个新的用户组。
CREATE INDEX
定义一个新索引。
CREATE LANGUAGE
定义一种新的过程语言。
CREATE OPERATOR
定义一个新的操作符。
CREATE OPERATOR CLASS
定义一个新的操作符表。
CREATE ROLE
定义一个新的数据库角色。
-
CREATE ROLE _name_ [ [ WITH ] _option_ [ ... ] ]
-
-
where
`_option_` can be:
-
-
SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
-
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
-
| CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
-
...
CREATE RULE
定义一个新重写规则。
CREATE SCHEMA
定义一个新模式。
CREATE SERVER
定义一个新的外部服务器。。
-
CREATE SERVER _server_name_ [ TYPE
'_server_type_' ] [ VERSION
'_server_version_' ]
-
FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER _fdw_name_
-
[ OPTIONS ( _option_
'_value_' [, ... ] ) ]
CREATE SEQUENCE
定义一个新序列发生器。
CREATE TABLE
定义一个新表。
column_constraint 可以是以下选项之一：
table_constraint 可以是以下选项之一：
更多关于大数据 PostgreSQL 系列的学习文章，请参阅：PostgreSQL 数据库，本系列持续更新中。
CREATE TABLE AS
从一条查询的结果中定义一个新表。
CREATE TABLESPACE
定义一个新的表空间。
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION 'directory'
CREATE TRIGGER
定义一个新的触发器。
CREATE TYPE
定义一个新的数据类型。
-
CREATE TYPE name AS
-
( attribute_name data_type [, ... ] )
-
CREATE TYPE name (
-
INPUT = input_function,
-
OUTPUT = output_function
-
[, RECEIVE = receive_function ]
-
[, SEND = send_function ]
-
[, ANALYZE = analyze_function ]
-
[, INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]
-
[, PASSEDBYVALUE ]
-
[, ALIGNMENT = alignment ]
-
[, STORAGE = storage ]
-
[, DEFAULT =
default ]
-
[, ELEMENT = element ]
-
[, DELIMITER = delimiter ]
-
)
CREATE USER
创建一个新的数据库用户帐户。
CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]
option 可以是以下选项之一：
-
SYSID uid
-
| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD
'password'
-
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
-
| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER
-
| IN GROUP group_name [, ...]
-
| VALID UNTIL
'abs_time'
CREATE VIEW
定义一个视图。
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] AS query
DEALLOCATE
删除一个准备好的查询。
DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name
DECLARE
定义一个游标。
DELETE
删除一个表中的行。
DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]
DROP AGGREGATE
删除一个用户定义的聚集函数。
DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP CAST
删除一个用户定义的类型转换。
DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP CONVERSION
删除一个用户定义的编码转换。
DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP DATABASE
删除一个数据库。
DROP DATABASE name
DROP DOMAIN
删除一个用户定义的域。
DROP DOMAIN name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP FUNCTION
删除一个函数。
DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, ...] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP GROUP
删除一个用户组。
DROP GROUP name
DROP INDEX
删除一个索引。
DROP INDEX name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP LANGUAGE
删除一个过程语言。
DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP OPERATOR
删除一个操作符。
DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE }, { right_type | NONE } ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP OPERATOR CLASS
删除一个操作符表。
DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP ROLE
删除一个数据库角色。
DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] _name_ [, ...]
DROP RULE
删除一个重写规则。
DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP SCHEMA
删除一个模式。
DROP SCHEMA name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP SEQUENCE
删除一个序列。
DROP SEQUENCE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TABLE
删除一个表。
DROP TABLE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TABLESPACE
删除一个表空间。
DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name
DROP TRIGGER
删除一个触发器定义。
DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP TYPE
删除一个用户定义数据类型。
DROP TYPE name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
DROP USER
删除一个数据库用户帐号。
DROP USER name
DROP VIEW
删除一个视图。
DROP VIEW name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
END
提交当前的事务。
END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
EXECUTE
执行一个准备好的查询。
EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, ...] ) ]
EXPLAIN
显示一个语句的执行规划。
EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement
FETCH
用游标从查询中抓取行。
FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
direction 可以是以下选项之一：
GRANT
定义访问权限。
-
GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
-
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
-
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
-
-
GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
-
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
-
-
GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
-
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
-
-
GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON FUNCTION func_name ([
type, ...]) [, ...]
-
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
-
-
GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
-
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
-
-
GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
-
TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]
INSERT
在表中创建新行，即插入数据。
LISTEN
监听一个通知。
LISTEN name
LOAD
加载或重载一个共享库文件。
LOAD 'filename'
LOCK
锁定一个表。
LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, ...] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]
lock_mode 可以是以下选项之一：
ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE | SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE
MOVE
定位一个游标。
MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name
NOTIFY
生成一个通知。
NOTIFY name
PREPARE
创建一个准备好的查询。
PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, ...] ) ] AS statement
REINDEX
重建索引。
REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]
RELEASE SAVEPOINT
删除一个前面定义的保存点。
RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
RESET
把一个运行时参数值恢复为默认值。
REVOKE
删除访问权限。
-
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
-
{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
-
[,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
-
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
-
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
-
-
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
-
{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON DATABASE db_name [, ...]
-
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
-
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
-
-
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
-
{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
-
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
-
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
-
-
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
-
{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON FUNCTION func_name ([
type, ...]) [, ...]
-
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
-
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
-
-
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
-
{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
-
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
-
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
-
-
REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]
-
{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
-
ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
-
FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, ...]
-
[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]
ROLLBACK
退出当前事务。
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
回滚到一个保存点。
ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] savepoint_name
SAVEPOINT
在当前事务里定义一个新的保存点。
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name
SELECT
从表或视图中取出若干行。
-
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
-
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
-
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
-
[ WHERE condition ]
-
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
-
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
-
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ]
select ]
-
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
-
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
-
[ OFFSET start ]
-
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
from_item 可以是以下选项：
-
[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ] ]
-
(
select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] ) ]
-
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] )
-
[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, ...] | column_definition [, ...] ) ]
-
function_name ( [ argument [, ...] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, ...] )
-
from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item
-
[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, ...] ) ]
SELECT INTO
从一个查询的结果中定义一个新表。
-
SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, ...] ) ] ]
-
* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, ...]
-
INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table
-
[ FROM from_item [, ...] ]
-
[ WHERE condition ]
-
[ GROUP BY expression [, ...] ]
-
[ HAVING condition [, ...] ]
-
[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ]
select ]
-
[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
-
[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
-
[ OFFSET start ]
-
[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, ...] ] ]
SET
修改运行时参数。
-
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value |
'value' | DEFAULT }
-
SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }
SET CONSTRAINTS
设置当前事务的约束检查模式。
SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, ...] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }
SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
为当前会话设置会话用户标识符和当前用户标识符。
SET TRANSACTION
开始一个事务块。
SHOW
显示运行时参数的值。
START TRANSACTION
开始一个事务块。
TRUNCATE
清空一个或一组表。
TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name
UNLISTEN
停止监听通知信息。
UNLISTEN { name | * }
UPDATE
更新一个表中的行。
VACUUM
垃圾收集以及可选地分析一个数据库。
VALUES
计算一个或一组行。
更多关于大数据 PostgreSQL 系列的学习文章，请参阅：PostgreSQL 数据库，本系列持续更新中。
参考链接：https://blog.csdn.net/gbz2000/article/
details/115524519
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