xprintf format string

说明：xprintf表示printf系列的函数。

The  format string is a character string, beginning and ending in its initial shift state, if any. 

The format string is composed of zero or more directives:

格式说明串主要包含两部分，普通字符和转换说明符

1. ordinary characters (not %), which are copied unchanged to the output stream;

    普通字符直接输出

2. conversion specifications, each of which results in fetching  zero  or  more subsequent arguments.  

    Each conversion specification is introduced by the character %, and ends with a conversion specifier. 

     转换说明符形如%d，可能需要0个或多个后序参数

   

  "%  [flags ...]  [minimum field width] [precision]  [length modifier] conversion-specifications"

• [flags ...]

  • #  加前缀，o->0, x->0x

  • 0  converted value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks.

  • -   The converted value is to be left adjusted on the field  boundary.

  • ' '  A blank should be left before a positive  number  (or empty string) produced by a signed conversion.

  • +  A  sign  (+  or -) should always be placed before a number produced by a signed conversion.

• [minimum field width]

            如果结果位宽不足，则用空格填充；如果位宽超过限制也不会造成结果被截断，而是忽略位宽限制

• [precision]    

  • 格式为.[num]，如果只有小数点则取精度为0；负数忽略该限制；

  • This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for d, i, o, u, x, and X conversions

  • This gives the  number of digits to appear after the radix character for a, A, e, E, f, and F conversions

  • the maximum number of significant digits for g and G conversions

  • the maximum  number of characters to be printed from a string for s and S conversions.

• [length modifier]

  • hh --> char

  • h   --> short int

  • l    --> long int

  • ll   --> long long int

  • L  --> long double

  • z  --> sizt_t

  • t   --> ptrdiff_t

• conversion specifications (A  character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied. )

  • d,i : int --> signed decimal

  • o,u,x,X : unsigned int --> unsigned octal,hexadecimal

  • e,E: The double argument is  rounded  and  converted  in  the  style [-]d.ddde±dd