根据子节点查出父节点

SELECT DISTINCT
        b.parent_id pid, a.dept_id deptId
    FROM
        sys_role_dept a
    INNER JOIN sys_dept b ON a.dept_id = b.dept_id AND a.role_id='24' AND b.parent_id NOT in(SELECT e.dept_id FROM sys_role_dept e WHERE e.role_id='24');