Python学习：deque

Deque

Example: d=collections.deque([(start,1)])

A double-ended queue, or deque, supports adding and removingelements from either end. The more commonly used stacks and queues aredegenerate forms of deques, where the inputs and outputs arerestricted to a single end.

import collections

d = collections.deque('abcdefg')
print 'Deque:', d
print 'Length:', len(d)
print 'Left end:', d[0]
print 'Right end:', d[-1]

d.remove('c')
print 'remove(c):', d

Since deques are a type of sequence container, they support some of the same operations that lists support, such as examining the contents with __getitem__(), determining length, and removing elements from the middle by matching identity.

$ python collections_deque.py

Deque: deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'])
Length: 7
Left end: a
Right end: g
remove(c): deque(['a', 'b', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'])

Populating

A deque can be populated from either end, termed “left” and “right” in thePython implementation.

import collections

# Add to the right
d = collections.deque()
d.extend('abcdefg')
print 'extend    :', d
d.append('h')
print 'append    :', d

# Add to the left
d = collections.deque()
d.extendleft('abcdefg')
print 'extendleft:', d
d.appendleft('h')
print 'appendleft:', d

Notice that extendleft() iterates over its input and performsthe equivalent of anappendleft() for each item. The end resultis thedeque contains the input sequence in reverse order.

$ python collections_deque_populating.py

extend    : deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g'])
append    : deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h'])
extendleft: deque(['g', 'f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a'])
appendleft: deque(['h', 'g', 'f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a'])

Consuming

Similarly, the elements of the deque can be consumed fromboth or either end, depending on the algorithm being applied.

import collections

print 'From the right:'
d = collections.deque('abcdefg')
while True:
    try:
        print d.pop()
    except IndexError:
        break

print '\nFrom the left:'
d = collections.deque('abcdefg')
while True:
    try:
        print d.popleft()
    except IndexError:
        break

Use pop() to remove an item from the “right” end of thedeque andpopleft() to take from the “left” end.

$ python collections_deque_consuming.py

From the right:
g
f
e
d
c
b
a

From the left:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g

Since deques are thread-safe, the contents can even be consumed fromboth ends at the same time from separate threads.

import collections
import threading
import time

candle = collections.deque(xrange(11))

def burn(direction, nextSource):
    while True:
        try:
            next = nextSource()
        except IndexError:
            break
        else:
            print '%8s: %s' % (direction, next)
            time.sleep(0.1)
    print '%8s done' % direction
    return

left = threading.Thread(target=burn, args=('Left', candle.popleft))
right = threading.Thread(target=burn, args=('Right', candle.pop))

left.start()
right.start()

left.join()
right.join()

The threads in this example alternate between each end, removing itemsuntil thedeque is empty.

$ python collections_deque_both_ends.py

    Left: 0
   Right: 10
   Right: 9
     Left: 1
   Right: 8
    Left: 2
   Right: 7
    Left: 3
   Right: 6
    Left: 4
   Right: 5
    Left done
   Right done

Rotating

Another useful capability of the deque is to rotate it ineither direction, to skip over some items.

import collections

d = collections.deque(xrange(10))
print 'Normal        :', d

d = collections.deque(xrange(10))
d.rotate(2)
print 'Right rotation:', d

d = collections.deque(xrange(10))
d.rotate(-2)
print 'Left rotation :', d

Rotating the deque to the right (using a positive rotation)takes items from the right end and moves them to the leftend. Rotating to the left (with a negative value) takes items from theleft end and moves them to the right end. It may help to visualizethe items in the deque as being engraved along the edge of a dial.

$ python collections_deque_rotate.py

Normal        : deque([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
Right rotation: deque([8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
Left rotation : deque([2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1])