ARM之ARM处理器

上一篇说到ARM公司的强悍,再来说说它的产品ARM处理器。

ARM(Advanced RISC Machines),既可以认为是一个公司的名字,也可以认为是对微处理器的通称,还可以认为是一种技术的名字。

ARM处理器是一个32位元精简指令集(RISC)处理器架构,2014年开始已经有64位元处理器架构,其广泛地使用在许多嵌入式系统设计。

 

一、ARM处理器的特点:

1、体积小、低功耗、低成本、高性能;
2、支持Thumb(16位)/ARM(32位)双指令集,能很好的兼容8位/16位器件;
3、大量使用寄存器,指令执行速度更快;
4、大多数数据操作都在寄存器中完成;
5、寻址方式灵活简单,执行效率高;
6、指令长度固定。
 
二、 寄存器结构:
ARM处理器共有37个寄存器,被分为若干个组(BANK),这些寄存器包括:
1 31个通用寄存器,包括程序计数器(PC指针),均为32位的寄存器。
2 6个状态寄存器,用以标识CPU的工作状态及程序的运行状态,均为32位,只使用了其中的一部分。

 

三、指令结构:

ARM微处理器的在较新的体系结构中支持两种指令集:ARM指令集和Thumb指令集。其中,ARM指令为32位的长度,Thumb指令为16位长度。Thumb指令集为ARM指令集的功能子集,但与等价的ARM代码相比较,可节省30%~40%以上的存储空间,同时具备32位代码的所有优点。

 

四、处理器模式:

CPU ARM架构指定了以下的CPU模式。在任何时刻,CPU可以在只有一种模式,但由于外部事件(中断)或编程方式可以能够切换模式。

用户模式
仅非特权模式。
系统模式
仅无需例外进入的特权模式。仅以执行明确写入CPSR的模式位的指令进入。
Supervisor (svc) 模式
在CPU被重置或者SWI指令被执行时进入的特权模式。
Abort 模式
预读取中断或数据中断异常发生时进入的特权模式。
未定义模式
未定义指令异常发生时进入的特权模式。
干预模式
处理器接受一条IRQ干预时进入的特权模式。
快速干预模式
处理器接受一条IRQ干预时进入的特权模式。
Hyp 模式
armv-7a为cortex-A15处理器提供硬件虚拟化引进的管理模式。

 

学习ARM汇编指令的经典资料。 对ARM的各种汇编指令进行了深入全面的讲解,并给出了各种示例和详细注解,并且还对一些值得注意的点或是容易犯错误的地方进行了总结。 目录 前言................................................................................................................................................................i 目录................................................................................................................................................................I ARM7TDMI(-S)指令集及汇编....................................................................................................................1 ARM处理器寻址方式..........................................................................................................................2 寄存器寻址....................................................................................................................................2 立即寻址........................................................................................................................................2 寄存器偏移寻址............................................................................................................................2 寄存器间接寻址............................................................................................................................3 基址寻址........................................................................................................................................3 多寄存器寻址................................................................................................................................4 堆栈寻址........................................................................................................................................4 块拷贝寻址....................................................................................................................................5 相对寻址........................................................................................................................................5 指令集介绍............................................................................................................................................7 ARM指令集..................................................................................................................................7 指令格式................................................................................................................................7 第2个操作数................................................................................................................7 #immed_8r...........................................................................................................7 Rm..........................................................................................................................8 Rm,shift..................................................................................................................8 条件码............................................................................................................................9 ARM存储器访问指令........................................................................................................11   LDR和STR........................................................................................................11   LDM和STM.......................................................................................................14   SWP.....................................................................................................................17 ARM数据处理指令............................................................................................................19 数据传送指令..............................................................................................................20   MOV............................................................................................................20   MVN............................................................................................................20 算术逻辑运算指令......................................................................................................20   ADD.............................................................................................................20   SUB..............................................................................................................21   RSB..............................................................................................................21   ADC.............................................................................................................21   SBC..............................................................................................................21   RSC..............................................................................................................22   AND.............................................................................................................22   ORR..............................................................................................................22   EOR..............................................................................................................22   BIC...............................................................................................................23 比较指令......................................................................................................................23   CMP.............................................................................................................23   CMN.............................................................................................................23   TST...............................................................................................................24   TEQ..............................................................................................................24 乘法指令......................................................................................................................25   MUL.............................................................................................................25   MLA.............................................................................................................25   UMULL........................................................................................................25   UMLAL........................................................................................................26   SMULL........................................................................................................26   SMLAL........................................................................................................26 ARM跳转指令....................................................................................................................27   B...........................................................................................................................27   BL.........................................................................................................................27   BX........................................................................................................................27 ARM处理器指令............................................................................................................28   CDP......................................................................................................................28   LDC......................................................................................................................29   STC......................................................................................................................29   MCR.....................................................................................................................30   MRC.....................................................................................................................30 ARM杂项指令....................................................................................................................31   SWI......................................................................................................................31   MRS.....................................................................................................................32   MSR.....................................................................................................................33 ARM伪指令........................................................................................................................34   ADR.....................................................................................................................35   ADRL...................................................................................................................35   LDR......................................................................................................................36   NOP......................................................................................................................37 Thumb指令集.............................................................................................................................39 Thumb指令集ARM指令集的区别..............................................................................39 Thumb存储器访问指令.....................................................................................................40   LDR和STR........................................................................................................41   PUSH和POP......................................................................................................43   LDMIA和STMIA..............................................................................................43 Thumb数据处理指令.........................................................................................................45 数据传送指令..............................................................................................................46   MOV............................................................................................................46   MVN............................................................................................................46   NEG..............................................................................................................47 算术逻辑运算指令......................................................................................................47   ADD.............................................................................................................47   SUB..............................................................................................................48   ADC.............................................................................................................49   SBC..............................................................................................................49   MUL.............................................................................................................50   AND.............................................................................................................50   ORR..............................................................................................................50   EOR..............................................................................................................51   BIC...............................................................................................................51   ASR..............................................................................................................51   LSL...............................................................................................................52   LSR..............................................................................................................52   ROR..............................................................................................................53 比较指令......................................................................................................................53   CMP.............................................................................................................53   CMN.............................................................................................................54   TST...............................................................................................................54 Thumb跳转指令.........................................................................................................55   B...................................................................................................................55   BL.................................................................................................................55   BX................................................................................................................55 Thumb杂项指令.........................................................................................................56   SWI..............................................................................................................56 Thumb伪指令.............................................................................................................57   ADR.............................................................................................................57   LDR..............................................................................................................57   NOP..............................................................................................................58 伪指令..................................................................................................................................................59 符号定义伪指令..........................................................................................................................59   GBLA、GBLL、GBLS..............................................................................................59   LCLA、LCLL、LCLS................................................................................................60   SETA、SETL、SETS.................................................................................................61   RLIST...........................................................................................................................61   CN................................................................................................................................62   CP.................................................................................................................................62   DN、SN.......................................................................................................................62   FN.................................................................................................................................63 数据定义伪指令..........................................................................................................................63   LTORG.........................................................................................................................64   MAP.............................................................................................................................64   FIELD..........................................................................................................................65   SPACE..........................................................................................................................66   DCB.............................................................................................................................66   DCD和DCDU............................................................................................................67   DCDO..........................................................................................................................67   DCFD和DCFDU........................................................................................................68   DCFS和DCFSU.........................................................................................................68   DCI...............................................................................................................................69   DCQ和DCQU............................................................................................................69   DCW和DCWU..........................................................................................................70 报告伪指令..................................................................................................................................70   ASSERT.......................................................................................................................70   INFO............................................................................................................................71   OPT..............................................................................................................................71   TTL和SUBT..............................................................................................................72 汇编控制伪指令..........................................................................................................................73   IF、ELSE和ENDIF...................................................................................................73   MACRO和MEND.....................................................................................................74   WHIL和WEND.........................................................................................................75 杂项伪指令..................................................................................................................................76   ALIGN.........................................................................................................................77   AREA...........................................................................................................................78   CODE16和CODE32..................................................................................................79   END.............................................................................................................................80   ENTRY.........................................................................................................................80   EQU.............................................................................................................................81   EXPORT和GLOBAL................................................................................................81   IMPORT和EXTERN.................................................................................................82   GET和INCLUDE......................................................................................................83   INCBIN........................................................................................................................83   KEEP............................................................................................................................83   NOFP...........................................................................................................................84   REQUIRE....................................................................................................................84   PEQUIRE8和PRESERVE8.......................................................................................84   RN................................................................................................................................84   ROUT...........................................................................................................................85 ARM伪指令................................................................................................................................86   ADR.............................................................................................................................86   ADRL...........................................................................................................................86   LDR..............................................................................................................................86   NOP..............................................................................................................................86   LDFD...........................................................................................................................86   LDFS............................................................................................................................87 Thumb伪指令.............................................................................................................................87   ADR.............................................................................................................................87   LDR..............................................................................................................................87   NOP..............................................................................................................................88 ARM汇编程序设计............................................................................................................................88 文件格式......................................................................................................................................88 ARM汇编的一些规范................................................................................................................88 汇编语句格式......................................................................................................................88 标号......................................................................................................................................89   基于PC的标号...................................................................................................89   基于寄存器的标号..............................................................................................90   绝对地址..............................................................................................................90 局部标号..............................................................................................................................90 符号......................................................................................................................................91 常量......................................................................................................................................91   数字常数..............................................................................................................91   字符常量..............................................................................................................92   布尔常量..............................................................................................................92 段定义..................................................................................................................................92 宏定义及其作用..................................................................................................................93 子程序的调用..............................................................................................................................94 数据比较跳转..............................................................................................................................95 循环..............................................................................................................................................95 数据块复制..................................................................................................................................95 栈操作..........................................................................................................................................96 特殊寄存器定义及应用..............................................................................................................96 散转功能......................................................................................................................................97 查表操作......................................................................................................................................97 长跳转..........................................................................................................................................97 对信号量的支持..........................................................................................................................98 伪指令使用..................................................................................................................................98 一个完整的例子..........................................................................................................................98 外围部件控制..............................................................................................................................99 三级流水线介绍..........................................................................................................................99 C与汇编混合编程............................................................................................................................100 内嵌汇编....................................................................................................................................100 内嵌汇编的指令用法........................................................................................................103 内嵌汇编器与armasm汇编器的差异.............................................................................104 内嵌汇编注意事项............................................................................................................104 访问全局变量............................................................................................................................106 C与汇编相互调用....................................................................................................................107 寄存器的使用规则............................................................................................................108 堆栈使用规则....................................................................................................................108 参数传递规则....................................................................................................................109 C程序调用汇编程序........................................................................................................110 汇编程序调用C程序.......................................................................................................111 ARM指令集列表..............................................................................................................................113 ARM存储器访问指令表列表..................................................................................................113 ARM数据处理指令列表..........................................................................................................114 ARM乘法指令列表..................................................................................................................115 ARM跳转指令列表..................................................................................................................116 ARM处理器指令列表..........................................................................................................117 ARM杂项指令列表..................................................................................................................118 ARM伪指令列表......................................................................................................................119 Thumb指令集列表...........................................................................................................................120 Thumb存储器访问指令列表...................................................................................................120 Thumb数据处理指令列表.......................................................................................................121 Thumb跳转指令及软中断指令列表.......................................................................................122 Thumb伪指令列表...................................................................................................................123 汇编预定义变量及伪指令................................................................................................................124 预定义的寄存器和协处理器名................................................................................................124 通用寄存器........................................................................................................................124 程序状态寄存器................................................................................................................124 浮点数寄存器....................................................................................................................124 协处理器及协处理器寄存器............................................................................................125 内置变量列表............................................................................................................................125 伪指令列表................................................................................................................................126 指令条件码列表........................................................................................................................128 CPSR和SPSR分配图.............................................................................................................................129
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