分离责任,消除代码级别耦合

例子--安全检查.
假设希望检查用户是否有权限执行某个方法，如果没有权限就抛出一个异常,也就是说对要执行安全检查的代码进行方法拦截，以加

入检查代码.如果编程解决这个问题，OO无法给我们任何有效的帮助.得到的是这样的代码.

public class MyBusinessObject implements BusinessObject {
   public void businessMethod1() throws UnauthorizedException {
      doSecurityCheck();
     // Do the work of method1
}
   public void businessMethod2() throws UnauthorizedException {
      doSecurityCheck();
     // Do the work of method2
}
   protected void doSecurityCheck() throws UnauthorizedException {

}
}

这个类有两个责任:主要责任是执行业务代码 Do the work of methodX.
次要责任是执行安全检查代码 doSecurityCheck.
OO可以尽可能减少重复的代码.如把安全检查代码归整到一个单独方法中去，但无法消除重复的代码，这要在每个业务方法中调用安

全检查方法.基于层级结构的OO对这种正交性的代码无法做到完全的消除重复代码.
Decorator模式:

//业务类
  public class MyBusinessObject implements BusinessObject {
   public void businessMethod1() throws UnauthorizedException {

     // Do the work of method1
}
   public void businessMethod2() throws UnauthorizedException {

     // Do the work of method2
}

}   
//装饰类
public abstract class BusinessObjectFilter implements BusinessObject {

   private BusinessObject target;
public BusinessObjectFilter (BusinessObject obj) {
   this.target = obj;
}
   public void businessMethod1() throws UnauthorizedException {
       this.target.businessMethod1();
}
   public void businessMethod2() throws UnauthorizedException {
     this.target.businessMethod2() ;

}


} 
//组合业务操作和安全检查的类
public class RealBusinessObject extends BusinessObjectFilter {
     public ReadBusinessObject(BusinessObject obj) {
           super(obj);
}
   //1.增加安全检查代码.
   //2.一定要调用super.businessMethod1();否则这将不是一个增强功能的方法，而是在重写一个方法.
   public void businessMethod1() throws UnauthorizedException {
       doSecurityCheck();
       super.businessMethod1();
}
   public void businessMethod2() throws UnauthorizedException {
doSecurityCheck();
     super.businessMethod2() ;

}
   protected void doSecurityCheck() throws UnauthorizedException {

}
}

通过Decorator模式的使用，可以将两者的责任分离,(如果安全检查代码过于复杂，可以用Extract Class将代码抽离出去).
但仍有两个问题:1.要针对每一个业务对象都要写一个装饰类。强类型在这里没有多大用处，如果一个通用类能解决问题则是最恰当

的.
2.无论怎样分离代码，最后都要在一个地方将两者进行组装, 组装的动作发生在编译期。如果能在运行时组装则能

避免代码级别的耦合.利用AOP提供的方式则能做到这一点.

Observer模式.
将安全检查代码封装到接口中去,

//Observer
public interface SecurityCheck {
   void doSecurityCheck() throws UnauthorizedException;
}
//Observable
public class MyBusinessObject implements BusinessObject{
   private SecurityCheck securityCheck;
   public void businessMethod1() throws UnauthorizedException {
     securityCheck.doSecurityCheck();
     // Do the work of method1
}
   public void businessMethod2() throws UnauthorizedException {
     securityCheck.doSecurityCheck();
     // Do the work of method2
}
 public void setSecurityCheck(SecurityCheck securityCheck) {
   this.securityCheck = securityCheck;
}
}   

安全检查作为业务方法的一个次要逻辑.但Observable要通知Observer，则代码必然会发生耦合.

普通的代理模式的代码结构与上面Decorator模式基本相同.
OO设计在此问题上只能尽可能减少重复代码，尽量分离责任，但最后仍会发生代码的耦合.
AOP的总结最大成果在于提出了一套完备的切入点理论,以及让被增强的类完全对增强一无所知-- 从前的大多数拦截技术都没有做到

这一点.以实现责任在代码级别的解耦.
Dynamic Proxy

//业务类
  public class MyBusinessObject implements BusinessObject {
   public void businessMethod1() throws UnauthorizedException {

     // Do the work of method1
}
   public void businessMethod2() throws UnauthorizedException {

     // Do the work of method2
}

}   
//安全检查接口
public class SecurityCheckImpl implements SecurityCheck {
    public void doSecurityCheck() throws UnauthorizedException {
        //doSecurityCheck
    }
}

//组合业务类和安全检查的通用类
public class CommonSecurityCheck implements InvocationHandler {
   private Object target;
   private SecurityCheck securityCheck;
   private CommonSecurityCheck(Object arg0,SecurityCheck arg1) {
    this.target = arg0;
    this.securityCheck = arg1;
}
  public Object invoke(Object proxy,Method method,Object[] args) throws Throwable {
       this.securityCheck.doSecurityCheck();
       Object result = method.invoke(this.target,args);
       return result;
}
} 

某一业务类与安全检查代码在运行时进行组装.