java 常用线程池讲解

1.线程池的好处

1. 重用线程池中的线程，避免因为线程的创建和销毁所带来的性能开销。
2. 能有效控制线程池的最大并发数，避免大量的线程之间因为互相抢夺系统资源而导致的阻塞现象。
3. 能对线程进行简单管理，并提供定时执行以及指定间隔循环执行等功能。

相关链接

1. 锁

2. 原理分析

2.1 Executor

只有一个excute方法

 /**
     * Executes the given command at some time in the future.  The command
     * may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling
     * thread, at the discretion of the {@code Executor} implementation.
     *
     * @param command the runnable task
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if this task cannot be
     * accepted for execution
     * @throws NullPointerException if command is null
     */
    void execute(Runnable command);

2.2 public interface ExecutorService extends Executor

ExecutorService是Executor的子接口，增加了一些常用的对线程的控制方法，之后使用线程池主要也是使用这些方法。

2.3 AbstractExecutorService

AbstractExecutorService是一个抽象类。

2.4 ThreadPoolExecutor

是AbstractExcutor的具体实现类。

先来看看它的构造器

 *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
     *        pool
     * @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
     *        the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
     *        will wait for new tasks before terminating.
     * @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
     * @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
     *        executed.  This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
     *        tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
     *         {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
     *         {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue} is null
     */
    public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                              int maximumPoolSize,
                              long keepAliveTime,
                              TimeUnit unit,
                              BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
        this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
             Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
    }

这是第一种方式，可以传入blockingQueue.

接下来是第二种方式

    /**
     * Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
     * parameters and default rejected execution handler.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
     *        pool
     * @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
     *        the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
     *        will wait for new tasks before terminating.
     * @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
     * @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
     *        executed.  This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
     *        tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     *        creates a new thread
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
     *         {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
     *         {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue}
     *         or {@code threadFactory} is null
     */
    public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                              int maximumPoolSize,
                              long keepAliveTime,
                              TimeUnit unit,
                              BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                              ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
        this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
             threadFactory, defaultHandler);
    }

第三种方式

  /**
     * Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
     * parameters and default thread factory.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
     *        pool
     * @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
     *        the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
     *        will wait for new tasks before terminating.
     * @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
     * @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
     *        executed.  This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
     *        tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
     * @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
     *        because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
     *         {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
     *         {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue}
     *         or {@code handler} is null
     */
    public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                              int maximumPoolSize,
                              long keepAliveTime,
                              TimeUnit unit,
                              BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                              RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
        this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
             Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), handler);
    }

第四种方式

 /**
     * Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
     * parameters.
     *
     * @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
     *        if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
     * @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
     *        pool
     * @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
     *        the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
     *        will wait for new tasks before terminating.
     * @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
     * @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
     *        executed.  This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
     *        tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
     * @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
     *        creates a new thread
     * @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
     *        because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
     *         {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
     *         {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
     *         {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
     * @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue}
     *         or {@code threadFactory} or {@code handler} is null
     */
    public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                              int maximumPoolSize,
                              long keepAliveTime,
                              TimeUnit unit,
                              BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                              ThreadFactory threadFactory,
                              RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
        if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
            maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
            maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
            keepAliveTime < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
        this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
        this.workQueue = workQueue;
        this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
        this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
        this.handler = handler;
    }

构造方法参数说明

corePoolSize

核心线程数，默认情况下核心线程会一直存活，即使处于闲置状态也不会受存keepAliveTime限制。除非将allowCoreThreadTimeOut设置为true。

maximumPoolSize

线程池所能容纳的最大线程数。超过这个数的线程将被阻塞。当任务队列为没有设置大小的LinkedBlockingDeque时，这个值无效。

keepAliveTime

非核心线程的闲置超时时间，超过这个时间就会被回收。

unit

指定keepAliveTime的单位，如TimeUnit.SECONDS。当将allowCoreThreadTimeOut设置为true时对corePoolSize生效。

workQueue

线程池中的任务队列.
常用的有三种队列，SynchronousQueue,LinkedBlockingDeque,ArrayBlockingQueue。

threadFactory

线程工厂，提供创建新线程的功能。ThreadFactory是一个接口，只有一个方法

public interface ThreadFactory {
  Thread newThread(Runnable r);
}

RejectedExecutionHandler

RejectedExecutionHandler也是一个接口，只有一个方法

public interface RejectedExecutionHandler {
  void rejectedExecution(Runnable var1, ThreadPoolExecutor var2);
}

线程池规则

线程池使用的队列

BlockingQueue

先进先出队列

synchronousQueue

线程安全的队列，里面是没有固定的缓存的。 SynchronousQueue没有数量限制。因为他根本不保持这些任务，而是直接交给线程池去执行。当任务数量超过最大线程数时会直接抛异常
也是okhttp使用的

PriorityBlokingQueue

无序的，可以根据优先级进行排序。 执行的对象需要实现compareable

okhttp使用的是SynchronousQueue。

下面都假设任务队列没有大小限制：

1. 如果线程数量<=核心线程数量，那么直接启动一个核心线程来执行任务，不会放入队列中。
2. 如果线程数量>核心线程数，但<=最大线程数，并且任务队列是LinkedBlockingDeque的时候，超过核心线程数量的任务会放在任务队列中排队。
3. 如果线程数量>核心线程数，但<=最大线程数，并且任务队列是SynchronousQueue的时候，线程池会创建新线程执行任务，这些任务也不会被放在任务队列中。这些线程属于非核心线程，在任务完成后，闲置时间达到了超时时间就会被清除。
4. 如果线程数量>核心线程数，并且>最大线程数，当任务队列是LinkedBlockingDeque，会将超过核心线程的任务放在任务队列中排队。也就是当任务队列是LinkedBlockingDeque并且没有大小限制时，线程池的最大线程数设置是无效的，他的线程数最多不会超过核心线程数。
5. 如果线程数量>核心线程数，并且>最大线程数，当任务队列是SynchronousQueue的时候，会因为线程池拒绝添加任务而抛出异常

任务队列大小有限时

1. 当LinkedBlockingDeque塞满时，新增的任务会直接创建新线程来执行，当创建的线程数量超过最大线程数量时会抛异常。
2. SynchronousQueue没有数量限制。因为他根本不保持这些任务，而是直接交给线程池去执行。当任务数量超过最大线程数时会直接抛异常。

线程池的分类

1. FixedThreadPool

通过Executors的newFIxedThreadPool方法来创建，他是一种线程数量固定的线程池，当线程处于空闲状态时，她们并不会回收，除非线程关闭了。当所有的线程都处于活动状态时，新任务都会处于等待状态，直到有线程空闲出来。由于FixedThreadPool只有核心线程并且这些核心线程都不会回收，这意味着它能更加快速地响应外界的请求。
FixedTHreadPool中只有核心线程，并且这些核心线程没有超时机制，另外任务队列是没有大小限制的

 public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads){
     return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads,nThreads,0L,TimeUnit.MILLISENDS,new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
 }

2. CachedTHreadPool

• 这是一种线程数量不定的线程池，它只有非核心线程，并且其最大线程数为Integer.MAX_VALUE。由于Integer.MAX_VALUE是一个最大的数，实际上就相当于最大线程数可以任意大，当线程池中的线程都处于活动状态时，线程池会创建新的线程来处理任务。否则就会利用空闲的线程来处理新任务。
• 线程池中的空闲线程都有超时机制，这个超时时长为60秒，超过60秒闲置线程就会被回收。和FixedTHreadPool不同的是，CacheThreadPool的任务队列其实相当于一个空集合，这将导致任何任务都会立即被执行。
• 这类线程池比较适合执行大量的耗时较少的任务。当整个线程池都处于闲置状态时，线程池中的线程都会超时而被停止这个时候CachethreadPool之中实际上是没有任何线程的。它几乎不占任何系统资源。

public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool(){
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0,INterger.MAX_VALUE,60L,TimeUnit.SECONDS,new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}

3. ScheduledThreadPool

• 他的核心线程数量是固定的，而非核心线程数是没有限制的，并且当非核心线程闲置时会被立即回收，ScheduledThreadPool这类线程池主要用于执行定时任务和具有固定周期的重复任务。

public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize){
    return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
    
}
public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize){
    super(corePoolSize,Integer.MAX_VALUE,0,NANOSECONDS,new DelayedWorkQueue());
}

4 SingleThreadExecutor

• 通过Executor的newSingleThreadExecutor方法来创建。这类线程池内部只有一个核心线程，他确保所有的任务都在同一个线程中按顺序执行。SingleThreadExector的

参考文献

csdn