ConcurrentHashMap的锁分段技术:假如容器里有多把锁,每一把锁用于锁容器其中一部分数据,那么当多线程访问容器里不同数据段的数据时,线程间就不会存在锁竞争,从而可以有效的提高并发访问效率,这就是ConcurrentHashMap所使用的锁分段技术。首先将数据分成一段一段的存储,然后给每一段数据配一把锁,当一个线程占用锁访问其中一个段数据的时候,其他段的数据也能被其他线程访问。
1.类变量&成员变量&常量
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 16; //默认容量大小
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30; //最大容量
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f; //默认加载因子
static final int DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL = 16;
//默认的并发水平,也即segment的数量
static final int MAX_SEGMENTS = 1 << 16; // 最大的segment的数量
static final int MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY = 2;
//每一个segment的hash表的最小容量,必须为2的幂
static final int RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK = 2; //TODO
final int segmentMask; //segment的掩码,用来对segment进行定位,判断哪个segment
final int segmentShift; //segment的偏移,segment中的索引
final Segment<K,V>[] segments;
//segments数组,类似于整个ConcurrentHashMap的外层数据结构
transient Set<K> keySet;
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
transient Collection<V> values;
private transient final int hashSeed = randomHashSeed(this);
//制造随机值,是不容易出现哈希冲突
//一系列unsafe操作
private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
private static final long SBASE;
private static final int SSHIFT;
private static final long TBASE;
private static final int TSHIFT;
private static final long HASHSEED_OFFSET;
private static final long SEGSHIFT_OFFSET;
private static final long SEGMASK_OFFSET;
private static final long SEGMENTS_OFFSET;
static {
int ss, ts;
try {
UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
Class tc = HashEntry[].class;
Class sc = Segment[].class;
TBASE = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(tc);
SBASE = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(sc);
ts = UNSAFE.arrayIndexScale(tc);
ss = UNSAFE.arrayIndexScale(sc);
HASHSEED_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
ConcurrentHashMap.class.getDeclaredField("hashSeed"));
SEGSHIFT_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
ConcurrentHashMap.class.getDeclaredField("segmentShift"));
SEGMASK_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
ConcurrentHashMap.class.getDeclaredField("segmentMask"));
SEGMENTS_OFFSET = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset(
ConcurrentHashMap.class.getDeclaredField("segments"));
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new Error(e);
}
if ((ss & (ss-1)) != 0 || (ts & (ts-1)) != 0)
throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");
SSHIFT = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(ss);
TSHIFT = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(ts);
}
2.内部类
//HashEntry类,作为一个Segment中的节点类。HashEntry类基本不可变。
static final class HashEntry<K,V> {
final int hash; //hash和key都是final,保证了读操作时不用加锁
final K key;
volatile V value;//为了确保读操作能够看到最新的值,将value设置成volatile
volatile HashEntry<K,V> next;
//不再用final关键字,采用unsafe操作保证并发安全
HashEntry(int hash, K key, V value, HashEntry<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
//setNext方法可以设置该节点的next节点
final void setNext(HashEntry<K,V> n) {
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(this, nextOffset, n);
}
// Unsafe mechanics
static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
static final long nextOffset;
static {
try {
UNSAFE = sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
Class k = HashEntry.class;
nextOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
(k.getDeclaredField("next"));
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new Error(e);
}
}
}
//Segment类
static final class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable
//继承ReentrantLock,说明每一个Segment都是一个锁
Segment(float lf, int threshold, HashEntry<K,V>[] tab) {
this.loadFactor = lf;
this.threshold = threshold;
this.table = tab;
}
1.put方法,将一个HashEntry放入到该Segment中,使用自旋机制,减少了加锁的可能性
final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value); //如果加锁失败,则调用该方法
V oldValue;
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash; //同hashMap相同的哈希定位方式
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
if (e != null) {
//若不为null,则持续查找,知道找到key和hash值相同的节点,将其value更新
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
e.value = value;
++modCount;
}
break;
}
e = e.next;
}
else { //若头结点为null
if (node != null) //在遍历key对应节点链时没有找到相应的节点
node.setNext(first);
//当前修改并不需要让其他线程知道,在锁退出时修改自然会
//更新到内存中,可提升性能
else
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
int c = count + 1;
if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
rehash(node); //如果超过阈值,则进行rehash操作
else
setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
++modCount;
count = c;
oldValue = null;
break;
}
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
2.scanAndLockForPut方法,该操作持续查找key对应的节点链中是否已存在该节点,如
果没有找到已存在的节点,则预创建一个新节点,并且尝试n次,直到尝试次数超出限
制,才真正进入等待状态,即所谓的自旋等待。
private HashEntry<K,V> scanAndLockForPut(K key, int hash, V value) {
//根据hash值找到segment中的HashEntry节点
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryForHash(this, hash); //首先获取头结点
HashEntry<K,V> e = first;
HashEntry<K,V> node = null;
int retries = -1; // negative while locating node
while (!tryLock()) { //持续遍历该哈希链
HashEntry<K,V> f; // to recheck first below
if (retries < 0) {
if (e == null) {
if (node == null) //若不存在要插入的节点,则创建一个新的节点
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, null);
retries = 0;
}
else if (key.equals(e.key))
retries = 0;
else
e = e.next;
}
else if (++retries > MAX_SCAN_RETRIES) {
//尝试次数超出限制,则进行自旋等待
lock();
break;
}
/*当在自旋过程中发现节点链的链头发生了变化,则更新节点链的链头,
并重置retries值为-1,重新为尝试获取锁而自旋遍历*/
else if ((retries & 1) == 0 &&
(f = entryForHash(this, hash)) != first) {
e = first = f; // re-traverse if entry changed
retries = -1;
}
}
return node;
}
3.rehash方法,用于当容量超出阈值后,进行扩容操作,类似于hashMap的扩容操作
private void rehash(HashEntry<K,V> node) {
HashEntry<K,V>[] oldTable = table;
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
HashEntry<K,V>[] newTable =
(HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) {
HashEntry<K,V> e = oldTable[i];
if (e != null) {
HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
if (next == null) // Single node on list
newTable[idx] = e;
else { // Reuse consecutive sequence at same slot
HashEntry<K,V> lastRun = e;
int lastIdx = idx;
for (HashEntry<K,V> last = next;
last != null;
last = last.next) {
int k = last.hash & sizeMask; //判断添加到哪个链表中去
if (k != lastIdx) {
lastIdx = k;
lastRun = last;
}
}
newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
// Clone remaining nodes
for (HashEntry<K,V> p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
V v = p.value;
int h = p.hash;
int k = h & sizeMask;
HashEntry<K,V> n = newTable[k];
newTable[k] = new HashEntry<K,V>(h, p.key, v, n);
}
}
}
}
int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask; // add the new node
node.setNext(newTable[nodeIndex]);
newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
table = newTable;
}
4. remove方法,用于移除某个节点,返回移除的节点值
final V remove(Object key, int hash, Object value) {
if (!tryLock())
scanAndLock(key, hash);
V oldValue = null;
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
//根据这种哈希定位方式来定位对应的HashEntry
HashEntry<K,V> e = entryAt(tab, index);
HashEntry<K,V> pred = null;
while (e != null) {
K k;
HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
V v = e.value;
if (value == null || value == v || value.equals(v)) {
if (pred == null)
setEntryAt(tab, index, next);
else
pred.setNext(next);
++modCount;
--count;
oldValue = v;
}
break;
}
pred = e;
e = next;
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}
5.clear方法,要首先对整个segment加锁,然后将每一个HashEntry都设置为null
final void clear() {
lock();
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
for (int i = 0; i < tab.length ; i++)
setEntryAt(tab, i, null);
++modCount;
count = 0;
} finally {
unlock();
}
}
//EntrySet类
final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
public Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
return new EntryIterator(); //返回一个EntryIterator迭代器
}
public boolean contains(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
V v = ConcurrentHashMap.this.get(e.getKey());
return v != null && v.equals(e.getValue());
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry))
return false;
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.remove(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
}
public int size() {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.size();
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return ConcurrentHashMap.this.isEmpty();
}
public void clear() {
ConcurrentHashMap.this.clear();
}
}
//继承自HashIterator,next方法中返回一个WriteThroughEntry类
final class EntryIterator
extends HashIterator
implements Iterator<Entry<K,V>>
{
public Map.Entry<K,V> next() {
HashEntry<K,V> e = super.nextEntry();
return new WriteThroughEntry(e.key, e.value);
}
}
//WriteThroughEntry类
final class WriteThroughEntry
extends AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<K,V>
{
WriteThroughEntry(K k, V v) {
super(k,v);
}
//设置值,并写入到map中。注意由于并发情况,可能不会是实时修改数据,故不能用
//于跟踪数据。该方法可以用于遍历时修改数据
public V setValue(V value) {
if (value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
V v = super.setValue(value);
ConcurrentHashMap.this.put(getKey(), value);
return v;
}
}
HashIterator类,对整个ConcurrentHashMap进行遍历
KeyIterator类,对整个ConcurrentHashMap的Key进行遍历
ValueIterator类,对整个ConcurrentHashMap的Value进行遍历
3 构造方法
public ConcurrentHashMap() {
this(DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR,
DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL); //16,0.75,16
}
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
this(initialCapacity, loadFactor, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
}
public ConcurrentHashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
this(Math.max((int) (m.size() / DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR) + 1,
DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY),
DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR, DEFAULT_CONCURRENCY_LEVEL);
//16和m的容量除以0.75加1的最大值,0.75,16
putAll(m);
}
public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity,
float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS) //segment的最大容量只能为2^16
concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;
// Find power-of-two sizes best matching arguments
int sshift = 0;
int ssize = 1;
while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) { //另ssize为2的幂
++sshift;
ssize <<= 1;
}
this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
//利用segmentShift和segmentMask可以通过key的hash值与这个值做&运算确定Segment索引
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
//检查给的容量值是否大于允许的最大容量值
int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
//计算每个Segment平均应该放置多少个元素,向上取整
if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
++c;
int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
while (cap < c)
cap <<= 1;
//创建一个segment实例,并作为segment数组的一个元素
Segment<K,V> s0 =
new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
(HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0);
this.segments = ss;
}
4.重要方法
1.put方法
public V put(K key, V value) {
Segment<K,V> s;
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = hash(key); //求出key的hash值
int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
//求出key在segments数组中的哪一个segment中
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject
(segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null)
s = ensureSegment(j); //使用unsafe操作取出该segment
return s.put(key, hash, value, false); //向segment中put元素
}
2.putAll方法,遍历容器并添加元素,调用put方法
public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) {
for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> e : m.entrySet())
put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
}
3.get方法,根据key找到相应的value
public V get(Object key) {
Segment<K,V> s;
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
int h = hash(key); //找出对应的segment的位置
long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
(tab = s.table) != null) { //使用Unsafe获取对应的Segmen
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
(tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
e != null; e = e.next) { //找出对应的HashEntry,从头开始遍历
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
return e.value;
}
}
return null;
}
4.hash方法,求出对应key的hash值,可以最大程度减少哈希冲突
private int hash(Object k) {
int h = hashSeed;
if ((0 != h) && (k instanceof String)) {
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
}
h ^= k.hashCode();
// Spread bits to regularize both segment and index locations,
// using variant of single-word Wang/Jenkins hash.
h += (h << 15) ^ 0xffffcd7d;
h ^= (h >>> 10);
h += (h << 3);
h ^= (h >>> 6);
h += (h << 2) + (h << 14);
return h ^ (h >>> 16);
}
5.size方法,求出所有的HashEntry的数目
public int size() {
//先尝试的遍历查找、计算2遍,如果两遍遍历过程中整个Map没有发生修改(即两次所
//有Segment实例中modCount值的和一致),则可以认为整个查找、计算过程中Map没有
//发生改变。否则,需要对所有segment实例进行加锁、计算、解锁,然后返回
final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
int size;
boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits
long sum; // sum of modCounts
long last = 0L; // previous sum
int retries = -1; // first iteration isn't retry
try {
for (;;) {
if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
}
sum = 0L;
size = 0;
overflow = false;
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
if (seg != null) {
sum += seg.modCount;
int c = seg.count;
if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
overflow = true;
}
}
if (sum == last)
break;
last = sum;
}
} finally {
if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
}
}
return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size;
}