Preconditions JUnit代码赏析

com.google.common.base Preconditions 中Junit test cases 写得还是相当不错的，短小精悍，而且简单明了！


随便挑几个看点
1.  为了测试异常， 实现catch， 插入fail语句。 如果不抛出异常，则fail， 如果符合预期，抛出异常跳过fail，进行抛出消息的验证。   一般代码里，很少看到有人验证异常信息的。
2. 将多次使用的 verifySimpleMessage进行函数封装；
3. Message 类封装
  public void testCheckArgument_simpleMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkArgument(false, new Message());
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
      verifySimpleMessage(expected);
    }
  }


  public void testCheckArgument_nullMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkArgument(false, null);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
      assertEquals("null", expected.getMessage());
    }
  }






/*
 * Copyright (C) 2006 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */


package com.google.common.base;


import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.annotations.GwtIncompatible;
import com.google.common.testing.NullPointerTester;


import junit.framework.TestCase;


/**
 * Unit test for {@link Preconditions}.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @author Jared Levy
 */
@GwtCompatible(emulated = true)
public class PreconditionsTest extends TestCase {
  public void testCheckArgument_simple_success() {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(true);
  }


  public void testCheckArgument_simple_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkArgument(false);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
    }
  }


  public void testCheckArgument_simpleMessage_success() {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(true, IGNORE_ME);
  }


  public void testCheckArgument_simpleMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkArgument(false, new Message());
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
      verifySimpleMessage(expected);
    }
  }


  public void testCheckArgument_nullMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkArgument(false, null);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
      assertEquals("null", expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckArgument_complexMessage_success() {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(true, "%s", IGNORE_ME);
  }


  public void testCheckArgument_complexMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkArgument(false, FORMAT, 5);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
      verifyComplexMessage(expected);
    }
  }


  public void testCheckState_simple_success() {
    Preconditions.checkState(true);
  }


  public void testCheckState_simple_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkState(false);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
    }
  }


  public void testCheckState_simpleMessage_success() {
    Preconditions.checkState(true, IGNORE_ME);
  }


  public void testCheckState_simpleMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkState(false, new Message());
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
      verifySimpleMessage(expected);
    }
  }


  public void testCheckState_nullMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkState(false, null);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
      assertEquals("null", expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckState_complexMessage_success() {
    Preconditions.checkState(true, "%s", IGNORE_ME);
  }


  public void testCheckState_complexMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkState(false, FORMAT, 5);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (IllegalStateException expected) {
      verifyComplexMessage(expected);
    }
  }


  private static final String NON_NULL_STRING = "foo";


  public void testCheckNotNull_simple_success() {
    String result = Preconditions.checkNotNull(NON_NULL_STRING);
    assertSame(NON_NULL_STRING, result);
  }


  public void testCheckNotNull_simple_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkNotNull(null);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
    }
  }


  public void testCheckNotNull_simpleMessage_success() {
    String result = Preconditions.checkNotNull(NON_NULL_STRING, IGNORE_ME);
    assertSame(NON_NULL_STRING, result);
  }


  public void testCheckNotNull_simpleMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkNotNull(null, new Message());
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
      verifySimpleMessage(expected);
    }
  }


  public void testCheckNotNull_complexMessage_success() {
    String result = Preconditions.checkNotNull(
        NON_NULL_STRING, "%s", IGNORE_ME);
    assertSame(NON_NULL_STRING, result);
  }


  public void testCheckNotNull_complexMessage_failure() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkNotNull(null, FORMAT, 5);
      fail("no exception thrown");
    } catch (NullPointerException expected) {
      verifyComplexMessage(expected);
    }
  }


  public void testCheckElementIndex_ok() {
    assertEquals(0, Preconditions.checkElementIndex(0, 1));
    assertEquals(0, Preconditions.checkElementIndex(0, 2));
    assertEquals(1, Preconditions.checkElementIndex(1, 2));
  }


  public void testCheckElementIndex_badSize() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkElementIndex(1, -1);
      fail();
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
      // don't care what the message text is, as this is an invalid usage of
      // the Preconditions class, unlike all the other exceptions it throws
    }
  }


  public void testCheckElementIndex_negative() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkElementIndex(-1, 1);
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("index (-1) must not be negative", expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckElementIndex_tooHigh() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkElementIndex(1, 1);
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("index (1) must be less than size (1)",
          expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckElementIndex_withDesc_negative() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkElementIndex(-1, 1, "foo");
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("foo (-1) must not be negative", expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckElementIndex_withDesc_tooHigh() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkElementIndex(1, 1, "foo");
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("foo (1) must be less than size (1)",
          expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndex_ok() {
    assertEquals(0, Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(0, 0));
    assertEquals(0, Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(0, 1));
    assertEquals(1, Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(1, 1));
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndex_badSize() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(1, -1);
      fail();
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
      // don't care what the message text is, as this is an invalid usage of
      // the Preconditions class, unlike all the other exceptions it throws
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndex_negative() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(-1, 1);
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("index (-1) must not be negative", expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndex_tooHigh() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(2, 1);
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("index (2) must not be greater than size (1)",
          expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndex_withDesc_negative() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(-1, 1, "foo");
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("foo (-1) must not be negative", expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndex_withDesc_tooHigh() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndex(2, 1, "foo");
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("foo (2) must not be greater than size (1)",
          expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndexes_ok() {
    Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes(0, 0, 0);
    Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes(0, 0, 1);
    Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes(0, 1, 1);
    Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes(1, 1, 1);
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndexes_badSize() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes(1, 1, -1);
      fail();
    } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndex_startNegative() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes(-1, 1, 1);
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("start index (-1) must not be negative",
          expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndexes_endTooHigh() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes(0, 2, 1);
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("end index (2) must not be greater than size (1)",
          expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testCheckPositionIndexes_reversed() {
    try {
      Preconditions.checkPositionIndexes(1, 0, 1);
      fail();
    } catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException expected) {
      assertEquals("end index (0) must not be less than start index (1)",
          expected.getMessage());
    }
  }


  public void testFormat() {
    assertEquals("%s", Preconditions.format("%s"));
    assertEquals("5", Preconditions.format("%s", 5));
    assertEquals("foo [5]", Preconditions.format("foo", 5));
    assertEquals("foo [5, 6, 7]", Preconditions.format("foo", 5, 6, 7));
    assertEquals("%s 1 2", Preconditions.format("%s %s %s", "%s", 1, 2));
    assertEquals(" [5, 6]", Preconditions.format("", 5, 6));
    assertEquals("123", Preconditions.format("%s%s%s", 1, 2, 3));
    assertEquals("1%s%s", Preconditions.format("%s%s%s", 1));
    assertEquals("5 + 6 = 11", Preconditions.format("%s + 6 = 11", 5));
    assertEquals("5 + 6 = 11", Preconditions.format("5 + %s = 11", 6));
    assertEquals("5 + 6 = 11", Preconditions.format("5 + 6 = %s", 11));
    assertEquals("5 + 6 = 11", Preconditions.format("%s + %s = %s", 5, 6, 11));
    assertEquals("null [null, null]",
        Preconditions.format("%s", null, null, null));
    assertEquals("null [5, 6]", Preconditions.format(null, 5, 6));
  }


  @GwtIncompatible("NullPointerTester")
  public void testNullPointers() throws Exception {
    NullPointerTester tester = new NullPointerTester();
    tester.testAllPublicStaticMethods(Preconditions.class);
  }


  private static final Object IGNORE_ME = new Object() {
    @Override public String toString() {
      fail();
      return null;
    }
  };


  private static class Message {
    boolean invoked;
    @Override public String toString() {
      assertFalse(invoked);
      invoked = true;
      return "A message";
    }
  }


  private static final String FORMAT = "I ate %s pies.";


  private static void verifySimpleMessage(Exception e) {
    assertEquals("A message", e.getMessage());
  }


  private static void verifyComplexMessage(Exception e) {
    assertEquals("I ate 5 pies.", e.getMessage());
  }
}






/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Guava Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */


package com.google.common.base;


import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;


import java.util.NoSuchElementException;


import javax.annotation.Nullable;


/**
 * Simple static methods to be called at the start of your own methods to verify
 * correct arguments and state. This allows constructs such as
 * <pre>
 *     if (count <= 0) {
 *       throw new IllegalArgumentException("must be positive: " + count);
 *     }</pre>
 *
 * to be replaced with the more compact
 * <pre>
 *     checkArgument(count > 0, "must be positive: %s", count);</pre>
 *
 * Note that the sense of the expression is inverted; with {@code Preconditions}
 * you declare what you expect to be <i>true</i>, just as you do with an
 * <a href="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/language/assert.html">
 * {@code assert}</a> or a JUnit {@code assertTrue} call.
 *
 * <p><b>Warning:</b> only the {@code "%s"} specifier is recognized as a
 * placeholder in these messages, not the full range of {@link
 * String#format(String, Object[])} specifiers.
 *
 * <p>Take care not to confuse precondition checking with other similar types
 * of checks! Precondition exceptions -- including those provided here, but also
 * {@link IndexOutOfBoundsException}, {@link NoSuchElementException}, {@link
 * UnsupportedOperationException} and others -- are used to signal that the
 * <i>calling method</i> has made an error. This tells the caller that it should
 * not have invoked the method when it did, with the arguments it did, or
 * perhaps ever. Postcondition or other invariant failures should not throw
 * these types of exceptions.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 * @since 2.0 (imported from Google Collections Library)
 */
@GwtCompatible
public final class Preconditions {
  private Preconditions() {}


  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the
   * calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
   */
  public static void checkArgument(boolean expression) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
  }


  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the
   * calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will
   *     be converted to a string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
   */
  public static void checkArgument(
      boolean expression, @Nullable Object errorMessage) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
    }
  }


  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving one or more parameters to the
   * calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the
   *     check fail. The message is formed by replacing each {@code %s}
   *     placeholder in the template with an argument. These are matched by
   *     position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc.
   *     Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in square
   *     braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
   * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message
   *     template. Arguments are converted to strings using
   *     {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code expression} is false
   * @throws NullPointerException if the check fails and either {@code
   *     errorMessageTemplate} or {@code errorMessageArgs} is null (don't let
   *     this happen)
   */
  public static void checkArgument(boolean expression,
      @Nullable String errorMessageTemplate,
      @Nullable Object... errorMessageArgs) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          format(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
    }
  }


  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling
   * instance, but not involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
   */
  public static void checkState(boolean expression) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalStateException();
    }
  }


  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling
   * instance, but not involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will
   *     be converted to a string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
   * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
   */
  public static void checkState(
      boolean expression, @Nullable Object errorMessage) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
    }
  }


  /**
   * Ensures the truth of an expression involving the state of the calling
   * instance, but not involving any parameters to the calling method.
   *
   * @param expression a boolean expression
   * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the
   *     check fail. The message is formed by replacing each {@code %s}
   *     placeholder in the template with an argument. These are matched by
   *     position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc.
   *     Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in square
   *     braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
   * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message
   *     template. Arguments are converted to strings using
   *     {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
   * @throws IllegalStateException if {@code expression} is false
   * @throws NullPointerException if the check fails and either {@code
   *     errorMessageTemplate} or {@code errorMessageArgs} is null (don't let
   *     this happen)
   */
  public static void checkState(boolean expression,
      @Nullable String errorMessageTemplate,
      @Nullable Object... errorMessageArgs) {
    if (!expression) {
      throw new IllegalStateException(
          format(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
    }
  }


  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling
   * method is not null.
   *
   * @param reference an object reference
   * @return the non-null reference that was validated
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
   */
  public static <T> T checkNotNull(T reference) {
    if (reference == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException();
    }
    return reference;
  }


  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling
   * method is not null.
   *
   * @param reference an object reference
   * @param errorMessage the exception message to use if the check fails; will
   *     be converted to a string using {@link String#valueOf(Object)}
   * @return the non-null reference that was validated
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
   */
  public static <T> T checkNotNull(T reference, @Nullable Object errorMessage) {
    if (reference == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException(String.valueOf(errorMessage));
    }
    return reference;
  }


  /**
   * Ensures that an object reference passed as a parameter to the calling
   * method is not null.
   *
   * @param reference an object reference
   * @param errorMessageTemplate a template for the exception message should the
   *     check fail. The message is formed by replacing each {@code %s}
   *     placeholder in the template with an argument. These are matched by
   *     position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code errorMessageArgs[0]}, etc.
   *     Unmatched arguments will be appended to the formatted message in square
   *     braces. Unmatched placeholders will be left as-is.
   * @param errorMessageArgs the arguments to be substituted into the message
   *     template. Arguments are converted to strings using
   *     {@link String#valueOf(Object)}.
   * @return the non-null reference that was validated
   * @throws NullPointerException if {@code reference} is null
   */
  public static <T> T checkNotNull(T reference,
      @Nullable String errorMessageTemplate,
      @Nullable Object... errorMessageArgs) {
    if (reference == null) {
      // If either of these parameters is null, the right thing happens anyway
      throw new NullPointerException(
          format(errorMessageTemplate, errorMessageArgs));
    }
    return reference;
  }


  /*
   * All recent hotspots (as of 2009) *really* like to have the natural code
   *
   * if (guardExpression) {
   *    throw new BadException(messageExpression);
   * }
   *
   * refactored so that messageExpression is moved to a separate
   * String-returning method.
   *
   * if (guardExpression) {
   *    throw new BadException(badMsg(...));
   * }
   *
   * The alternative natural refactorings into void or Exception-returning
   * methods are much slower.  This is a big deal - we're talking factors of
   * 2-8 in microbenchmarks, not just 10-20%.  (This is a hotspot optimizer
   * bug, which should be fixed, but that's a separate, big project).
   *
   * The coding pattern above is heavily used in java.util, e.g. in ArrayList.
   * There is a RangeCheckMicroBenchmark in the JDK that was used to test this.
   *
   * But the methods in this class want to throw different exceptions,
   * depending on the args, so it appears that this pattern is not directly
   * applicable.  But we can use the ridiculous, devious trick of throwing an
   * exception in the middle of the construction of another exception.
   * Hotspot is fine with that.
   */


  /**
   * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>element</i> in an array,
   * list or string of size {@code size}. An element index may range from zero,
   * inclusive, to {@code size}, exclusive.
   *
   * @param index a user-supplied index identifying an element of an array, list
   *     or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @return the value of {@code index}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is not
   *     less than {@code size}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  public static int checkElementIndex(int index, int size) {
    return checkElementIndex(index, size, "index");
  }


  /**
   * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>element</i> in an array,
   * list or string of size {@code size}. An element index may range from zero,
   * inclusive, to {@code size}, exclusive.
   *
   * @param index a user-supplied index identifying an element of an array, list
   *     or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @param desc the text to use to describe this index in an error message
   * @return the value of {@code index}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is not
   *     less than {@code size}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  public static int checkElementIndex(
      int index, int size, @Nullable String desc) {
    // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
    if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badElementIndex(index, size, desc));
    }
    return index;
  }


  private static String badElementIndex(int index, int size, String desc) {
    if (index < 0) {
      return format("%s (%s) must not be negative", desc, index);
    } else if (size < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative size: " + size);
    } else { // index >= size
      return format("%s (%s) must be less than size (%s)", desc, index, size);
    }
  }


  /**
   * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>position</i> in an array,
   * list or string of size {@code size}. A position index may range from zero
   * to {@code size}, inclusive.
   *
   * @param index a user-supplied index identifying a position in an array, list
   *     or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @return the value of {@code index}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is
   *     greater than {@code size}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  public static int checkPositionIndex(int index, int size) {
    return checkPositionIndex(index, size, "index");
  }


  /**
   * Ensures that {@code index} specifies a valid <i>position</i> in an array,
   * list or string of size {@code size}. A position index may range from zero
   * to {@code size}, inclusive.
   *
   * @param index a user-supplied index identifying a position in an array, list
   *     or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @param desc the text to use to describe this index in an error message
   * @return the value of {@code index}
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if {@code index} is negative or is
   *     greater than {@code size}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  public static int checkPositionIndex(
      int index, int size, @Nullable String desc) {
    // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
    if (index < 0 || index > size) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badPositionIndex(index, size, desc));
    }
    return index;
  }


  private static String badPositionIndex(int index, int size, String desc) {
    if (index < 0) {
      return format("%s (%s) must not be negative", desc, index);
    } else if (size < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("negative size: " + size);
    } else { // index > size
      return format("%s (%s) must not be greater than size (%s)",
                    desc, index, size);
    }
  }


  /**
   * Ensures that {@code start} and {@code end} specify a valid <i>positions</i>
   * in an array, list or string of size {@code size}, and are in order. A
   * position index may range from zero to {@code size}, inclusive.
   *
   * @param start a user-supplied index identifying a starting position in an
   *     array, list or string
   * @param end a user-supplied index identifying a ending position in an array,
   *     list or string
   * @param size the size of that array, list or string
   * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if either index is negative or is
   *     greater than {@code size}, or if {@code end} is less than {@code start}
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code size} is negative
   */
  public static void checkPositionIndexes(int start, int end, int size) {
    // Carefully optimized for execution by hotspot (explanatory comment above)
    if (start < 0 || end < start || end > size) {
      throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(badPositionIndexes(start, end, size));
    }
  }


  private static String badPositionIndexes(int start, int end, int size) {
    if (start < 0 || start > size) {
      return badPositionIndex(start, size, "start index");
    }
    if (end < 0 || end > size) {
      return badPositionIndex(end, size, "end index");
    }
    // end < start
    return format("end index (%s) must not be less than start index (%s)",
                  end, start);
  }


  /**
   * Substitutes each {@code %s} in {@code template} with an argument. These
   * are matched by position - the first {@code %s} gets {@code args[0]}, etc.
   * If there are more arguments than placeholders, the unmatched arguments will
   * be appended to the end of the formatted message in square braces.
   *
   * @param template a non-null string containing 0 or more {@code %s}
   *     placeholders.
   * @param args the arguments to be substituted into the message
   *     template. Arguments are converted to strings using
   *     {@link String#valueOf(Object)}. Arguments can be null.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting static String format(String template,
      @Nullable Object... args) {
    template = String.valueOf(template); // null -> "null"


    // start substituting the arguments into the '%s' placeholders
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder(
        template.length() + 16 * args.length);
    int templateStart = 0;
    int i = 0;
    while (i < args.length) {
      int placeholderStart = template.indexOf("%s", templateStart);
      if (placeholderStart == -1) {
        break;
      }
      builder.append(template.substring(templateStart, placeholderStart));
      builder.append(args[i++]);
      templateStart = placeholderStart + 2;
    }
    builder.append(template.substring(templateStart));


    // if we run out of placeholders, append the extra args in square braces
    if (i < args.length) {
      builder.append(" [");
      builder.append(args[i++]);
      while (i < args.length) {
        builder.append(", ");
        builder.append(args[i++]);
      }
      builder.append(']');
    }


    return builder.toString();
  }
}




https://raw.github.com/okta/guava-libraries/master/guava/src/com/google/common/base/Preconditions.java 
https://raw.github.com/okta/guava-libraries/master/guava-tests/test/com/google/common/base/PreconditionsTest.java