C++ 虚函数表

C++中的虚函数的作用主要是实现了多态 的机制。

关于多态，简而言之就是用父类型别的指针指向其子类的实例，然后通过父类的指针调用实际子类的成员函数 。

虚表指针所指向的一张表（虚函数的地址表），表的项数就为虚函数的个数(非虚函数不入表)，子类要为其重写了的虚函数重写自己的虚表，没有重写的就直接指向其父类的地址，从而达到多态的作用，这些都是在编译的时候由编译器自动完成的。

 

参考来源: http://hi.baidu.com/bystander1983/blog/item/4e166ddc9386c63e5882dd60.html

 

#include <iostream> using namespace std; class Base { public: int a; virtual void f() { cout << "Base::f" << endl; } virtual void g() { cout << "Base::g" << endl; } virtual void h() { cout << "Base::h" << endl; } private: // virtual void p() { cout << "Base::p" << endl; } }; class Base2 { public: int a; virtual void f2() { cout << "Base2::f2" << endl; } virtual void g2() { cout << "Base2::g2" << endl; } virtual void h2() { cout << "Base2::h2" << endl; } }; class Base3 { public: int a; virtual void f3() { cout << "Base3::f3" << endl; } virtual void g3() { cout << "Base3::g3" << endl; } virtual void h3() { cout << "Base3::h3" << endl; } }; class Derive : public Base { public: int b; virtual void f() { cout << "Derive::f" << endl; } virtual void f1() { cout << "Derive::f1" << endl; } virtual void g2() { cout << "Derive::g1" << endl; } virtual void h1() { cout << "Derive::h1" << endl; } }; class Derive2 : public Base, public Base2, public Base3 { public: int b; virtual void f() { cout << "Derive::f" << endl; } virtual void f4() { cout << "Derive2::f4" << endl; } virtual void g4() { cout << "Derive2::g4" << endl; } virtual void h4() { cout << "Derive2::h4" << endl; } }; int main() { int i = sizeof(Base); printf("size = %d/n", i); // 1 data member + 1 V-table pointer = 8 Bytes i = sizeof(Derive); printf("size = %d/n", i); // 2 + 1 = 12 i = sizeof(Derive2); printf("size = %d/n", i); // 4 + 3 = 28 typedef void(*Fun)(void); // 定义Fun为函数指针 Base b; Fun pFun = NULL; cout << "virtual function table address: " << (int*)(&b) << endl; // 虚函数表只放虚函数, 其是动态变化的, 每次运行都地址不同. cout << "V-table 1st function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&b) << endl; cout << "V-table 2nd function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&b)+1 << endl; cout << "V-table 3rd function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&b)+2 << endl; pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&b)+0); // f() pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&b)+1); // g() pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&b)+2); // h() pFun(); // cout << (int)*(int*)*(int*)(&b)+3 << endl; // 存的数还是地址? // 单继承 Derive d; cout << "virtual function table address: " << (int*)(&d) << endl; cout << "V-table 1st function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&d) << endl; cout << "V-table 2nd function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&d)+1 << endl; cout << "V-table 3rd function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&d)+2 << endl; pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&d)+0); // f() pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&d)+1); // g() pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&d)+2); // h() pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&d)+3); // f1() pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&d)+4); // g1() pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&d)+5); // h1() pFun(); Base *pB = new Derive(); pB->f(); // Derive::f, 还是Derive的虚函数表. // 多重继承 Derive2 dm; cout << "virtual function table address<1>: " << (int*)(&dm) << endl; // 三个虚函数表 cout << "V-table 1st function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&dm) << endl; cout << "V-table 2nd function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&dm)+1 << endl; cout << "V-table 3rd function address: " << (int*)*(int*)(&dm)+2 << endl; cout << "virtual function table address<2>: " << (int*)(&dm)+1 << endl; cout << "V-table 1st function address: " << (int*)*((int*)(&dm)+1) << endl; cout << "V-table 2nd function address: " << (int*)*((int*)(&dm)+1)+1 << endl; cout << "V-table 3rd function address: " << (int*)*((int*)(&dm)+1)+2 << endl; cout << "virtual function table address<3>: " << (int*)(&dm)+2 << endl; cout << "V-table 1st function address: " << (int*)*((int*)(&dm)+2) << endl; cout << "V-table 2nd function address: " << (int*)*((int*)(&dm)+2)+1 << endl; cout << "V-table 3rd function address: " << (int*)*((int*)(&dm)+2)+2 << endl; pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&dm)+0); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&dm)+1); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&dm)+2); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&dm)+3); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&dm)+4); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&dm)+5); // pFun(); // 第二，三个虚函数表的指针存在那里呢? /* pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*((int*)(&dm)+1)+0); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*((int*)(&dm)+1)+1); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*((int*)(&dm)+1)+2); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*((int*)(&dm)+2)+0); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*((int*)(&dm)+2)+1); // pFun(); pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*((int*)(&dm)+2)+2); // pFun(); */ Base *pB2 = new Derive(); //pB2->f1(); // 使用父类指针调用子类中的未覆盖父类的成员函数的行为,都会被编译器视为非法. pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*((int*)(pB2))+3); // 而这里通过虚函数指针，却绕过了这个问题.BUG? pFun(); return 0; }