面向对象模型分析（继承，多态）

• class是一种特殊的struct
  
  • 在内存中 class 依旧可以看做变量的集合
  • class 中的成员函数和成员变量是分开存放的
    
    • 每个对象有独立的成员变量
    • 所有对象共享类中的成员函数

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class A
{
    int i;
    int j;
    char c;
    double d;
public:
    void print()
    {
        cout << "i = " << i << ", "
             << "j = " << j << ", "
             << "c = " << c << ", "
             << "d = " << d << endl;
    }
};

struct B
{
    int i;
    int j;
    char c;
    double d;
};

int main()
{
    A a;

    cout << "sizeof(A) = " << sizeof(A) << endl;    // 20 bytes
    cout << "sizeof(a) = " << sizeof(a) << endl;
    cout << "sizeof(B) = " << sizeof(B) << endl;    // 20 bytes

    a.print();

    B* p = reinterpret_cast<B*>(&a);

    p->i = 1;
    p->j = 2;
    p->c = 'c';
    p->d = 3;

    a.print();

    p->i = 100;
    p->j = 200;
    p->c = 'C';
    p->d = 3.14;

    a.print();

    return 0;
}

• 运行时的对象退化为结构体的形式
  
  • 所有成员变量在内存中依次排布
  • 成员变量之间可能存在内存空隙
  • 可以通过内存地址直接访问成员变量
  • 访问权限关键字在运行时失效
• 类中的成员函数位于代码段中
• 调用成员函数时对象地址（this）访问成员变量
• 成员函数通过对象指针访问成员变量
• c++ 语法隐藏了对象地址的传递

继承对象模型

• 在c++ 编译器的内部 类可以理解为结构体
• 子类是由 父类成员叠加子类新成员得到的

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Demo
{
protected:
    int mi;
    int mj;
public:
    virtual void print()
    {
        cout << "mi = " << mi << ", "
             << "mj = " << mj << endl;
    }
};

class Derived : public Demo
{
    int mk;
public:
    Derived(int i, int j, int k)
    {
        mi = i;
        mj = j;
        mk = k;
    }

    void print()
    {
        cout << "mi = " << mi << ", "
             << "mj = " << mj << ", "
             << "mk = " << mk << endl;
    }
};

struct Test
{
    void* p;   //在内存中指向虚函数的指针 就是放在此处
    int mi;
    int mj;
    int mk;
};

int main()
{
    cout << "sizeof(Demo) = " << sizeof(Demo) << endl;         
    cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl;  

    Derived d(1, 2, 3);
    Test* p = reinterpret_cast<Test*>(&d);

    cout << "Before changing ..." << endl;

    d.print();

    p->mi = 10;
    p->mj = 20;
    p->mk = 30;

    cout << "After changing ..." << endl;

    d.print();

    return 0;
}

多态对象模型

• c++多态实现原理
  
  • 当类中声明虚函数的时候，编译器会在类中生成一个虚函数表
  • 虚函数表是一个存储成员函数地址的数据结构
  • 虚函数表是有编译器自动生成和维护的
  • virtual成员函数会被编译器放入虚函数表中
  • 存在虚函数时，每个对象都会有一个指向虚函数的指针
  • 指向虚函数的指针在内存中在成员变量之前

==虚函数调用效率 < 普通成员函数==

C语言实现面向对象及多态

#ifndef _51_2_H_
#define _51_2_H_

typedef void Demo;
typedef void Derived;

Demo* Demo_Create(int i, int j);
int Demo_GetI(Demo* pThis);
int Demo_GetJ(Demo* pThis);
int Demo_Add(Demo* pThis, int value);
void Demo_Free(Demo* pThis);

Derived* Derived_Create(int i, int j, int k);
int Derived_GetK(Derived* pThis);
int Derived_Add(Derived* pThis, int value);

#endif

#include "test.h"
#include "malloc.h"
#include "stdio.h"
static int Demo_Virtual_Add(Demo* pThis, int value);
static int Derived_Virtual_Add(Demo* pThis, int value);

struct VTable     // 2. 定义虚函数表数据结构
{
    int (*pAdd)(void*, int);   // 3. 虚函数表里面存储什么？？？
};

struct ClassDemo
{
    struct VTable* vptr;     // 1. 定义虚函数表指针  ==》 虚函数表指针类型？？？
    int mi;
    int mj;
};

struct ClassDerived
{
    struct ClassDemo d;
    int mk;
};

static struct VTable g_Demo_vtbl = 
{
    Demo_Virtual_Add
};

static struct VTable g_Derived_vtbl = 
{
    Derived_Virtual_Add
};

Demo* Demo_Create(int i, int j)
{
    struct ClassDemo* ret = (struct ClassDemo*)malloc(sizeof(struct ClassDemo)); 

    if( ret != NULL )
    {
        ret->vptr = &g_Demo_vtbl;   // 4. 关联对象和虚函数表
        ret->mi = i;
        ret->mj = j;
    }

    return ret;
}

int Demo_GetI(Demo* pThis)
{
     struct ClassDemo* obj = (struct ClassDemo*)pThis;    

     return obj->mi;
}

int Demo_GetJ(Demo* pThis)
{
    struct ClassDemo* obj = (struct ClassDemo*)pThis;

    return obj->mj;
}

// 6. 定义虚函数表中指针所指向的具体函数
static int Demo_Virtual_Add(Demo* pThis, int value)
{
    struct ClassDemo* obj = (struct ClassDemo*)pThis;

    return obj->mi + obj->mj + value;
}


// 5. 分析具体的虚函数！！！！
int Demo_Add(Demo* pThis, int value)
{

    struct ClassDemo* obj = (struct ClassDemo*)pThis;

    return obj->vptr->pAdd(pThis, value);
}

void Demo_Free(Demo* pThis)
{
    free(pThis);
}

Derived* Derived_Create(int i, int j, int k)
{
    struct ClassDerived* ret = (struct ClassDerived*)malloc(sizeof(struct ClassDerived));

    if( ret != NULL )
    {
        ret->d.vptr = &g_Derived_vtbl;
        ret->d.mi = i;
        ret->d.mj = j;
        ret->mk = k;
    }

    return ret;
}

int Derived_GetK(Derived* pThis)
{
    struct ClassDerived* obj = (struct ClassDerived*)pThis;

    return obj->mk;
}

static int Derived_Virtual_Add(Demo* pThis, int value)
{
    struct ClassDerived* obj = (struct ClassDerived*)pThis; 

    return obj->mk + value;
}

int Derived_Add(Derived* pThis, int value)
{   
    struct ClassDerived* obj = (struct ClassDerived*)pThis;

    return obj->d.vptr->pAdd(pThis, value);
}

void run(Demo* p, int v)
{
    int r = Demo_Add(p, v);

    printf("r = %d\n", r);
}

int main()
{
    Demo* pb = Demo_Create(1, 2);
    Derived* pd = Derived_Create(1, 22, 333);

    printf("pb->add(3) = %d\n", Demo_Add(pb, 3));
    printf("pd->add(3) = %d\n", Derived_Add(pd, 3));

    run(pb, 3);
    run(pd, 3);

    Demo_Free(pb);
    Demo_Free(pd);

    return 0;
}