FHRPs(第一跳冗余协议)

FHRPs(第一跳冗余协议):

第一跳冗余协议FHRP(first hop redundancy protocol):

主要是用来解决网关问题，提高了默认网关的冗余性和负载均衡；其方法是让多台路由器组成一个组并虚拟出一个网关，让其中的一台路由器充当活跃的网关路由器，而另一台或多台其它路由器则处于备用模式；PC通过连接虚拟网关访问外网，当主备路由器进行切换时，由于虚拟路由器没有改变，所以主机仍然保持连接，没有受到故障的影响；当然也可以实现基于多台路由器的冗余备份或负载均衡；在可以使用第一跳冗余协议之前，网关的冗余性依赖于静态网关配置和代理ARP。

在思科的网络设备上，有三种解决方案，包括热备用路由器协议HSRP、虚拟路由器冗余协议VRRP和网关负载均衡协议GLBP。

HSRP,VRRP,GLBP:

协议	名称	标准
HSRP	热备用路由器协议	思科私有协议
VRRP	虚拟路由器冗余协议	标准协议
GLBG	网关负载均衡协议	思科私有协议

HSRP协议配置:

R1:

Router(config)#int g0/0/1        
Router(config-if)#standby version 2   #设置HSRP版本为版本2
Router(config-if)#standby 10 ip 192.168.0.254  #设置虚拟ip
Router(config-if)#
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: GigabitEthernet0/0/1 Grp 10 state Init -> Init

Router(config-if)#standby 10 priority 109  #设置standby 10组的优先级是109，默认值为100
Router(config-if)#standby 10 preempt  #设置占先权,如果
Router(config-if)#standby 10 timers 1 3  #设置hello time计时器为1s,hold time为3s
Router(config-if)#standby 10 track g0/0/0  #设置端口追踪，但这个端口故障时,则这个组的standby
优先级降低10,变为99,小于另一个R2的优先级，R1就会变为备份路由，这样就实现了切换功能
PT模拟器不支持standby 10 track g0/0/0 [10]自定义降低的数值

Router(config-if)#do show standby brief
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State    Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Gig0/0/1    10   109 P Active   local           192.168.0.5     192.168.0.254  
Router(config-if)#int g0/0/0
Router(config-if)#standby version 2
Router(config-if)#standby 20 ip 1.1.1.254
Router(config-if)#
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: GigabitEthernet0/0/0 Grp 20 state Init -> Init
Router(config-if)#standby 20 priority 109
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: GigabitEthernet0/0/0 Grp 20 state Speak -> Standby

%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: GigabitEthernet0/0/0 Grp 20 state Standby -> Active

Router(config-if)#standby 20 priority 109
Router(config-if)#standby 20 preempt 
Router(config-if)#standby 20 timers 1 3
Router(config-if)#standby 20 track g0/0/1
Router(config-if)#do show standby br   #显示HSRP状态
Router(config-if)#do show standby br
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State    Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Gig0/0/0    20   109 P Active   local           1.1.1.2         1.1.1.254      
Gig0/0/1    10   109 P Active   local           192.168.0.5     192.168.0.254  
Router(config-if)#

R2:

Router(config)#int g0/0/1
Router(config-if)#standby version 2
Router(config-if)#standby 10 ip  192.168.0.254 
Router(config-if)#
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: GigabitEthernet0/0/1 Grp 10 state Init -> Init

Router(config-if)#standby 10 priority 
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: GigabitEthernet0/0/1 Grp 10 state Speak -> Standby

Router(config-if)#standby 10 priority 100
Router(config-if)#standby 10 preempt 
Router(config-if)#standby 10 timers 1 3

Router(config-if)#do show stand
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 - Group 10 (version 2)
  State is Standby
    5 state changes, last state change 03:25:52
  Virtual IP address is 192.168.0.254
  Active virtual MAC address is 0000.0C9F.F00A
    Local virtual MAC address is 0000.0C9F.F00A (v2 default)
  Hello time 1 sec, hold time 3 sec
    Next hello sent in 0.052 secs
  Preemption enabled
  Active router is 192.168.0.1
  Standby router is local
  Priority 100 (default 100)
  Group name is hsrp-Gig0/0/1-10 (default)
Router(config-if)#do show standby bri
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State    Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Gig0/0/1    10   100 P Standby  192.168.0.1     local           192.168.0.254  
Router(config-if)#int g0/0/0
Router(config-if)#standby version 2
Router(config-if)#standby 20 ip 1.1.1.254
Router(config-if)#
%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: GigabitEthernet0/0/0 Grp 20 state Init -> Init

%HSRP-6-STATECHANGE: GigabitEthernet0/0/0 Grp 20 state Speak -> Standby

Router(config-if)#standby 20 priority 100
Router(config-if)#standby 20 preempt 
Router(config-if)#standby 20 timers 1 3
Router(config-if)#do show stand brief
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State    Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Gig0/0/0    20   100 P Standby  1.1.1.1         local           1.1.1.254      
Gig0/0/1    10   100 P Standby  192.168.0.1     local           192.168.0.254

R3:

Router(config)#ip route  192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 1.1.1.254  #添加一条静态路由

配置完成：

把R1的g0/0/1的端口关闭:

💡 可以在不同的VLAN端口中配置HSRP协议来实现负载均衡