前言:
字符串操作是编程语言最基础最永恒的话题,几乎所有的编程语言都提供字符串操作函数。C语言中,有丰富的字符串函数,现将它们的用法列出来,供读者参考。
字符串操作常用函数:
1. 复制相关函数=======:
(1)strcpy
声明: char *strcpy(char *dest, char *src);
功 能: 复制函数,将参数src 字符串拷贝至参数dest 中。
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10];
char *str1 = "abcdefghi";
strcpy(string, str1);
printf("%s\n", string);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
abcdefghi
(2)stpcpy
声明: char *stpcpy(char *dest, char *src);
功 能: 复制函数,将参数src 字符串拷贝至参数dest 中。
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10];
char *str1 = "abcde";
stpcpy(string, str1);
printf("%s\n", string);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
abcde
(3)strdup
声明: char *strdup(char *str);
功 能: 将串拷贝到新建的位置处。strdup()会先用malloc()配置与参数str 字符串相同的空间大小,然后将参数s 字符串的内容复制到该内存地址,然后把该地址返回。该地址最后可以利用free()来释放。
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *dup_str, *string = "abc";
dup_str = strdup(string);
printf("%s\n", dup_str);
free(dup_str);
return 0;
}
2. 连接相关函数======:
(4)strcat:
声明: char *strcat(char *destin, char *source);
功 能: 字符串拼接函数
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char destination[25];
char *blank = " ", *c = "C++", *Borland = "Borland";
strcpy(destination, Borland);
strcat(destination, blank);
strcat(destination, c);
printf("%s\n", destination);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
Borland C++
3.比较相关函数======:
(5)strcmp:
声明: int strcmp(char *str1, char *str2);
功 能: 串比较。看Asic码,str1>str2,返回值 > 0;两串相等,返回0。区分大小写。
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "aaa", *buf2 = "bbb", *buf3 = "ccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strcmp(buf2, buf1);
if (ptr > 0) {
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
} else {
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
}
ptr = strcmp(buf2, buf3);
if (ptr > 0) {
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 3\n");
} else {
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 3\n");
}
return 0;
}
运行结果:
buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1
buffer 2 is less than buffer 3
(6)strncmp:
声明: int strncmp(char *str1, char *str2, int maxlen);
功 能: 串比较, 把 str1 和 str2 进行比较,最多比较前 n 个字节。
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "aaabbb", *buf2 = "bbbccc", *buf3 = "ccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strncmp(buf2,buf1,3);
if (ptr > 0) {
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
} else {
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
}
ptr = strncmp(buf2,buf3,3);
if (ptr > 0) {
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 3\n");
} else {
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 3\n");
}
return(0);
}
运行结果:
buffer 2 > buffer 1
buffer 2 <= buffer 3
(7)stricmp和strcmpi:
声明:
int stricmp(char *str1, char *str2);
int strcmpi(char *str1, char *str2);
功 能: 以大小写不敏感方式比较两个串,与strcmpi功能一样。
注意:这2个函数只在不是跨平台的,在macos中就可能编译不过。
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
int ptr;
ptr = stricmp(buf2,buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n");
return 0;
}
编译结果:
在macos中使用gcc编译结果:
teststr.c:9:12: error: implicit declaration of function 'stricmp' is invalid in C99 [-Werror,-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
ptr = stricmp(buf2,buf1);
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBB", *buf2 = "bbb";
int ptr;
ptr = strcmpi(buf2,buf1);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n");
return 0;
}
编译结果:
在macos中使用gcc编译结果:
teststr.c:9:12: error: implicit declaration of function 'strcmpi' is invalid in C99 [-Werror,-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
ptr = strcmpi(buf2,buf1);
(8)strnicmp和strncmpi:
功 能: 把串中的一部分与另一串中的一部分比较, 忽略大小写。
注意: 这个函数只在不是跨平台的,在macos中就可能编译不过。
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *buf1 = "BBBccc", *buf2 = "bbbccc";
int ptr;
ptr = strnicmp(buf2,buf1,3);
if (ptr > 0)
printf("buffer 2 is greater than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr < 0)
printf("buffer 2 is less than buffer 1\n");
if (ptr == 0)
printf("buffer 2 equals buffer 1\n");
return 0;
}
运行结果:
teststr.c:9:12: error: implicit declaration of function 'strnicmp' is invalid in C99 [-Werror,-Wimplicit-function-declaration]
ptr = strnicmp(buf2,buf1,3);
(9)strncpy:
声明: char *strncpy(char *destin, char *source, int maxlen);
功 能: 串拷贝。把 source 所指向的字符串复制到 destin,最多复制 n 个字符。当 source 的长度小于 n 时,destin 的剩余部分将用空字节填充。
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10];
char *str1 = "abcdefghi";
strncpy(string, str1, 3);
string[3] = '\0';
printf("%s\n", string);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
abc
4.字符串查找相关函数:
(10)strpbrk:
声明: char *strpbrk(char *str1, char *str2);
功 能: 在串中查找给定字符集中的字符
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
char *string2 = "stu";
char *ptr;
ptr = strpbrk(string1, string2);
if (ptr)
printf("strpbrk found first character: %c\n", *ptr);
else
printf("strpbrk didn't find character in set\n");
return 0;
}
运行结果:
strpbrk found first character: s
(11)strchr:
声明: char *strchr(char *str, char c);
功 能: 在一个串中查找给定字符的第一个匹配之处。
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[20];
char *ptr, c = 'h';
strcpy(string, "This is a string");
ptr = strchr(string, c);
if (ptr)
printf("The character %c is at position: %d\n", c, ptr-string);
else
printf("The character was not found\n");
return 0;
}
运行结果:
The character h is at position: 1
(12)strrchr:
声明: char *strrchr(char *str, char c);
功 能: 在参数 str 所指向的字符串中搜索最后一次出现字符 c(一个无符号字符)的位置。
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char str[20];
char *ptr, c = 'r';
strcpy(str, "This is a string");
ptr = strrchr(str, c);
if (ptr)
printf("The character %c is str: %s\n", c, ptr);
else
printf("The character was not found\n");
return 0;
}
运行结果:
The character r is str: ring
(13)strstr:
声明: char *strstr(char *str1, char *str2);
功 能: 在串中查找指定字符串的第一次出现
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str1 = "Borland International", *str2 = "nation", *ptr;
ptr = strstr(str1, str2);
printf("The substring is: %s\n", ptr);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
The substring is: national
(14)strspn:
声明: int strspn(char *str1, char *str2);
功 能: 在串中查找指定字符集的子集的第一次出现
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "1234567890";
char *string2 = "123DC8";
int length;
length = strspn(string1, string2);
printf("Character where strings differ is at position %d\n", length);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
Character where strings differ is at position 3
(15)strcspn:
声明: int strcspn(char *str1, char *str2);
功 能: 在串中查找第一个给定字符集内容的段
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string1 = "1234567890";
char *string2 = "345";
int length;
length = strcspn(string1, string2);
printf("Character where strings intersect is at position %d\n", length);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
Character where strings intersect is at position 2
(16)strtok:
声明: char *strtok(char *str1, char *str2);
功 能: 查找由在第二个串中指定的分界符分隔开的单词
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char input[16] = "abc,d";
char *p;
/* strtok places a NULL terminator
in front of the token, if found */
p = strtok(input, ",");
if (p) printf("%s\n", p);
/* A second call to strtok using a NULL
as the first parameter returns a pointer
to the character following the token */
p = strtok(NULL, ",");
if (p) printf("%s\n", p);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
abc
d
5.字符串修改相关函数:
(17)strset:
声明:char *strset(char *str, char c);
功 能: 将一个串中的所有字符都设为指定字符
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
char string[10] = "123456789";
char symbol = 'c';
printf("Before strset(): %s\n", string);
strset(string, symbol);
printf("After strset(): %s\n", string);
return 0;
}
(18)strnset:
声明: char *strnset(char *str, char ch, unsigned n);
功 能: 将一个串中的所有字符都设为指定字符
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
char letter = 'x';
printf("string before strnset: %s\n", string);
strnset(string, letter, 13);
printf("string after strnset: %s\n", string);
return 0;
}
(19)strrev:
声明: char *strrev(char *str);
功 能: 串倒转函数
程序例:
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
char *forward = "string";
printf("Before strrev(): %s\n", forward);
strrev(forward);
printf("After strrev(): %s\n", forward);
return 0;
}
注意:strset,strnse,strrev都不是系统函数,在macos下都编译不过。
6.字符串转换相关函数=====:
(20)strtol:
声明: long strtol(char *str, char **endptr, int base);
功 能: 将串转换为长整数
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char *string = "87654321", *endptr;
long lnumber;
/* strtol converts string to long integer */
lnumber = strtol(string, &endptr, 10);
printf("string = %s\nlong = %ld\n", string, lnumber);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
string = 87654321
long = 87654321
(21)strtod:
声明: double strtod(char *str, char **endptr);
功 能: 将字符串转换为double型值
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
char input[80], *endptr;
double value;
printf("Enter a floating point number:");
gets(input);
value = strtod(input, &endptr);
printf("The string is %s\nthe number is %lf\n", input, value);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
% ./a.out
warning: this program uses gets(), which is unsafe.
Enter a floating point number:123
The string is 123
the number is 123.000000
(21)strupr:
声明: char *strupr(char *str);
功 能: 将串中的小写字母转换为大写字母
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", *ptr;
/* converts string to upper case characters */
ptr = strupr(str);
printf("%s\n", ptr);
return 0;
}
注意:该函数不是跨平台的,在macos下,编译不过。
7.其它函数======:
(22)swab:
声明: void swab (char *from, char *to, int nbytes);
功 能: 交换字节
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
char source[15] = "rFna koBlrna d";
char target[15];
int main(void)
{
swab(source, target, strlen(source));
printf("This is target: %s\n", target);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
This is target: Frank Borland
(23)strerror:
声明: char *strerror(int errnum);
功 能: 返回指向错误信息字符串的指针
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
int main(void)
{
int fd;
extern int errno;
char *buffer;
buffer = strerror(errno);
printf("Error: %s\n", buffer);
return 0;
}
运行结果:
Error: Undefined error: 0
字符串操作,编程语言永恒的主题。