MVC中使用EF(6):更新关联数据

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最新推荐文章于 2024-07-21 21:47:47 发布

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更新关联数据

By Tom Dykstra |July 30, 2013

Translated by litdwg

原文地址： http://www.asp.net/mvc/tutorials/getting-started-with-ef-using-mvc/updating-related-data-with-the-entity-framework-in-an-asp-net-mvc-application

Contoso University示例网站演示如何使用Entity Framework 5创建ASP.NET MVC 4应用程序。Entity Framework有三种处理数据的方式: Database First, Model First, and Code First. 本指南使用代码优先。其它方式请查询资料。示例程序是为Contoso University建立一个网站。功能包括：学生管理、课程创建、教师分配。本系列指南逐步讲述如何实现这一网站程序。

如有问题，可在这些讨论区提问： ASP.NET Entity Framework forum, the Entity Framework and LINQ to Entities forum, or StackOverflow.com.

上一节完成了相关联数据的显示，本节将学习如何更新关联数据。大部分关联关系可通过更新相应的外键来完成。对于多对多关系，EF没有直接暴漏连接表，需要显式的操作导航属性（向其中添加、移除实体）来完成。

将要完成的效果如下：

Course_create_page

Instructor_edit_page_with_courses

定制课程的 Create 和Edit 页面

课程实体创建后是和某个部门有关联的。为了展示这一点，自动生成的代码生成了相应的控制器方法以及创建、编辑视图，其中包括可选择部门的下拉列表。下拉列表设置 Course.DepartmentID外键属性，这样EF就可以正确加载Department 导航属性的对应实体。这里只简单修改代码，增加错误处理和下拉列表排序功能。

在 CourseController.cs, Edit 和 Create 方法修改后代码如下:

public ActionResult Create()
{
   PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList();
   return View();
}

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public ActionResult Create(
   [Bind(Include = "CourseID,Title,Credits,DepartmentID")]
   Course course)
{
   try
   {
      if (ModelState.IsValid)
      {
         db.Courses.Add(course);
         db.SaveChanges();
         return RedirectToAction("Index");
      }
   }
   catch (DataException /* dex */)
   {
      //Log the error (uncomment dex variable name after DataException and add a line here to write a log.)
      ModelState.AddModelError("", "Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists, see your system administrator.");
   }
   PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(course.DepartmentID);
   return View(course);
}

public ActionResult Edit(int id)
{
   Course course = db.Courses.Find(id);
   PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(course.DepartmentID);
   return View(course);
}

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public ActionResult Edit(
    [Bind(Include = "CourseID,Title,Credits,DepartmentID")]
    Course course)
{
   try
   {
      if (ModelState.IsValid)
      {
         db.Entry(course).State = EntityState.Modified;
         db.SaveChanges();
         return RedirectToAction("Index");
      }
   }
   catch (DataException /* dex */)
   {
      //Log the error (uncomment dex variable name after DataException and add a line here to write a log.)
      ModelState.AddModelError("", "Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists, see your system administrator.");
   }
   PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(course.DepartmentID);
   return View(course);
}

private void PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(object selectedDepartment = null)
{
   var departmentsQuery = from d in db.Departments
                          orderby d.Name
                          select d;
   ViewBag.DepartmentID = new SelectList(departmentsQuery, "DepartmentID", "Name", selectedDepartment);
}

PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList 方法获取按名排列的部门列表, 为下拉列表构建一个SelectList 集合，使用 ViewBag 属性将其传递到视图.方法有一个可选参数selectedDepartment 以便设置下拉列表默认值. 视图将把DepartmentID 传递给DropDownList 帮助器, 帮助器从 ViewBag 中寻找名为DepartmentID的 SelectList.

HttpGet Create 调用 PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList 方法时不使用默认值，因为此时还没有创建新课程数据:

public ActionResult Create()
{
    PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList();
    return View();
}

HttpGet Edit 方法则设置默认值，因为此时课程在编辑时有原始的部门信息:

public ActionResult Edit(int id)
{
    Course course = db.Courses.Find(id);
    PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(course.DepartmentID);
    return View(course);
}

HttpPost 方法在捕获异常之后再次显示创建或编辑页面时，初始化下拉列表默认值:

   catch (DataException /* dex */)
   {
      //Log the error (uncomment dex variable name after DataException and add a line here to write a log.)
      ModelState.AddModelError("", "Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists, see your system administrator.");
   }
   PopulateDepartmentsDropDownList(course.DepartmentID);
   return View(course);

代码确保如果发生异常返回页面时，原有的操作数据还在.

在 Views\Course\Create.cshtml, 在 Title 域之前添加代码，提供录入课程编号的编辑域。之前曾经介绍过，自动生成代码不会保护对主键的编辑域.

@model ContosoUniversity.Models.Course

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Create";
}

<h2>Create</h2>

@using (Html.BeginForm())
{
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    @Html.ValidationSummary(true)

    <fieldset>
        <legend>Course</legend>

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.CourseID)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.CourseID)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.CourseID)
        </div>

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Title)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Title)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Title)
        </div>

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Credits)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Credits)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Credits)
        </div>

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.DepartmentID, "Department")
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.DropDownList("DepartmentID", String.Empty)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.DepartmentID)
        </div>

        <p>
            <input type="submit" value="Create" />
        </p>
    </fieldset>
}

<div>
    @Html.ActionLink("Back to List", "Index")
</div>

@section Scripts {
    @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval")
}

在 Views\Course\Edit.cshtml, Views\Course\Delete.cshtml, 和Views\Course\Details.cshtml, 添加如下代码

<div class="editor-label">
    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.CourseID)
</div>
<div class="editor-field">
    @Html.DisplayFor(model => model.CourseID)
</div>

运行 Create 页面:

Course_create_page

点击Create. Index页面将显示新创建的课程信息。列表中的部门名称来自于导航属性，说明正确建立了关联。

Course_Index_page_showing_new_course

运行 Edit 页面.

Course_edit_page

修改数据，点击 Save. 索引页面显示更新后的数据.

为 Instructors添加编辑页面

编辑instructor 记录时希望同时更新所在办公室信息. Instructor 和 OfficeAssignment 实体存在一对零或一的关系, 也就是要处理以下场景:

如果之前有办公室信息，编辑时将其去除，需要删除OfficeAssignment 实体.
如果之前没有办公室信息，编辑时添加了，需要创建OfficeAssignment 实体.
如果编辑了办公室信息，需要更新OfficeAssignment 实体.

在 InstructorController.cs ，自动生成的HttpGet Edit 方法代码如下:

public ActionResult Edit(int id = 0)
{
    Instructor instructor = db.Instructors.Find(id);
    if (instructor == null)
    {
        return HttpNotFound();
    }
    ViewBag.InstructorID = new SelectList(db.OfficeAssignments, "InstructorID", "Location", instructor.InstructorID);
    return View(instructor);
}

自动生成的代码创建了下拉列表，我们将其修改以下，使用文本框：

public ActionResult Edit(int id)
{
    Instructor instructor = db.Instructors
        .Include(i => i.OfficeAssignment)
        .Where(i => i.InstructorID == id)
        .Single();
    return View(instructor);
}

代码通过贪婪加载方式获取OfficeAssignment 实体。Find 方法无法使用贪婪加载，因此使用Where 和Single 方法。

将HttpPost Edit 方法替换为如下代码:

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public ActionResult Edit(int id, FormCollection formCollection)
{
   var instructorToUpdate = db.Instructors
       .Include(i => i.OfficeAssignment)
       .Where(i => i.InstructorID == id)
       .Single();

   if (TryUpdateModel(instructorToUpdate, "",
      new string[] { "LastName", "FirstMidName", "HireDate", "OfficeAssignment" }))
   {
      try
      {
         if (String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(instructorToUpdate.OfficeAssignment.Location))
         {
            instructorToUpdate.OfficeAssignment = null;
         }

         db.Entry(instructorToUpdate).State = EntityState.Modified;
         db.SaveChanges();

         return RedirectToAction("Index");
      }
      catch (DataException /* dex */)
      {
         //Log the error (uncomment dex variable name after DataException and add a line here to write a log.
         ModelState.AddModelError("", "Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists, see your system administrator.");
      }
   }
   ViewBag.InstructorID = new SelectList(db.OfficeAssignments, "InstructorID", "Location", id);
   return View(instructorToUpdate);
}

这部分代码的作用是:

从数据库通过贪婪加载获取Instructor 和 OfficeAssignment实体. 这是和 HttpGet Edit 方法一样的.

使用模型绑定器数据更新 Instructor 实体. TryUpdateModel 更新白名单中的属性值，关于白名单的介绍在指南的第二节..

   if (TryUpdateModel(instructorToUpdate, "",
      new string[] { "LastName", "FirstMidName", "HireDate", "OfficeAssignment" }))

如果办公室信息为空，将 Instructor.OfficeAssignment 属性设为null， OfficeAssignment 表中相应的记录也将删除.

if (String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(instructorToUpdate.OfficeAssignment.Location))
{
    instructorToUpdate.OfficeAssignment = null;
}

保存对数据库的修改.

在 Views\Instructor\Edit.cshtml, Hire Date 的div 标记之后, 添加办公室信息的编辑域:

<div class="editor-label">
    @Html.LabelFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
</div>
<div class="editor-field">
    @Html.EditorFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
    @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
</div>

运行，测试效果

Changing_the_office_location

在Instructor编辑页面实现课程分配操作

教师可同时承担多门课程，添加为教师编辑页面增加通过组选框设定承担课程的功能:

Instructor_edit_page_with_courses

Course 和 Instructor 实体之间是多对多关系，意味着无法之间访问连接表。通过 Instructor.Courses导航属性中添加或删除关联实体的方式来实现关系的维护.

功能通过组选框来实现。列出数据库中所有课程，通过选择框确定是否选择，教师当前承担的课程处于选中状态。用户通过选中或者取消选中的操作修改课程的分配情况. 如果课程数目很多，你可能希望使用别的显示方法，但操作导航属性来添加或删除关系的方法是一样的。

创建模型类以便为视图的组选框提供数据. 在ViewModels 文件夹创建 AssignedCourseData.cs，代码如下:

namespace ContosoUniversity.ViewModels
{
    public class AssignedCourseData
    {
        public int CourseID { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public bool Assigned { get; set; }
    }
}

在 InstructorController.cs, 替换 HttpGet Edit 方法代码如下.

public ActionResult Edit(int id)
{
    Instructor instructor = db.Instructors
        .Include(i => i.OfficeAssignment)
        .Include(i => i.Courses)
        .Where(i => i.InstructorID == id)
        .Single();
    PopulateAssignedCourseData(instructor);
    return View(instructor);
}

private void PopulateAssignedCourseData(Instructor instructor)
{
    var allCourses = db.Courses;
    var instructorCourses = new HashSet<int>(instructor.Courses.Select(c => c.CourseID));
    var viewModel = new List<AssignedCourseData>();
    foreach (var course in allCourses)
    {
        viewModel.Add(new AssignedCourseData
        {
            CourseID = course.CourseID,
            Title = course.Title,
            Assigned = instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID)
        });
    }
    ViewBag.Courses = viewModel;
}

代码使用贪婪模式加载 Courses 导航属性，调用PopulateAssignedCourseData 方法实现为视图提供AssignedCourseData 视图模型的数据.

PopulateAssignedCourseData 方法读取所有 Course 实体. 对每一个Courses 检查是否已经存在于导航属性. 为了提高效率，将当前承担课程的ID形成一个 HashSet 集合. 承担课程的 Assigned 属性将设为 true . 视图将使用此属性决定哪些选择框处于被选中状态. 最后通过ViewBag 的一个属性将列表传递到视图.

下一步，完成保存代码。

使用如下代码替换 HttpPost Edit 方法的代码, 调用一个新的方法更新Instructor 实体的 Courses 导航属性.

[HttpPost]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public ActionResult Edit(int id, FormCollection formCollection, string[] selectedCourses)
{
   var instructorToUpdate = db.Instructors
       .Include(i => i.OfficeAssignment)
       .Include(i => i.Courses)
       .Where(i => i.InstructorID == id)
       .Single();
   if (TryUpdateModel(instructorToUpdate, "", 
      new string[] { "LastName", "FirstMidName", "HireDate", "OfficeAssignment" }))
   {
      try
      {
         if (String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(instructorToUpdate.OfficeAssignment.Location))
         {
            instructorToUpdate.OfficeAssignment = null;
         }

         UpdateInstructorCourses(selectedCourses, instructorToUpdate);

         db.Entry(instructorToUpdate).State = EntityState.Modified;
         db.SaveChanges();

         return RedirectToAction("Index");
      }
      catch (DataException /* dex */)
      {
         //Log the error (uncomment dex variable name after DataException and add a line here to write a log.
         ModelState.AddModelError("", "Unable to save changes. Try again, and if the problem persists see your system administrator.");
      }
   }
   PopulateAssignedCourseData(instructorToUpdate);
   return View(instructorToUpdate);
}

private void UpdateInstructorCourses(string[] selectedCourses, Instructor instructorToUpdate)
{
   if (selectedCourses == null)
   {
      instructorToUpdate.Courses = new List<Course>();
      return;
   }

   var selectedCoursesHS = new HashSet<string>(selectedCourses);
   var instructorCourses = new HashSet<int>
       (instructorToUpdate.Courses.Select(c => c.CourseID));
   foreach (var course in db.Courses)
   {
      if (selectedCoursesHS.Contains(course.CourseID.ToString()))
      {
         if (!instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID))
         {
            instructorToUpdate.Courses.Add(course);
         }
      }
      else
      {
         if (instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID))
         {
            instructorToUpdate.Courses.Remove(course);
         }
      }
   }
}

视图不包含Course 实体集合, 因此模型绑定器不能直接更新Courses 导航属性. 更新由 UpdateInstructorCourses 方法完成. 因此要把 Courses属性从模型绑定器中排除出去. 这并不需要修改 TryUpdateModel 的代码，因为使用了白名单， Courses 不在名单之内.

如果没有选中任何课程， UpdateInstructorCourses 将 Courses 导航属性设为一个空的列表:

if (selectedCourses == null)
{
    instructorToUpdate.Courses = new List<Course>();
    return;
}

代码执行循环检查数据库中的每一课程，若此课程被选中则判断是否已经包含在相关数据中，如果没有则添加到导航属性。为了提高效率，把选中课程Id和已有课程ID放在哈希表中。

if (selectedCoursesHS.Contains(course.CourseID.ToString()))
{
    if (!instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID))
    {
        instructorToUpdate.Courses.Add(course);
    }
}

如果某课程没有选中但存在于 Instructor.Courses 导航属性,则将其从中移除.

else
{
    if (instructorCourses.Contains(course.CourseID))
    {
        instructorToUpdate.Courses.Remove(course);
    }
}

在 Views\Instructor\Edit.cshtml, 添加如下高亮代码，在OfficeAssignment 之后增加选中 Courses 的组选框。

@model ContosoUniversity.Models.Instructor

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Edit";
}

<h2>Edit</h2>

@using (Html.BeginForm())
{
    @Html.AntiForgeryToken()
    @Html.ValidationSummary(true)

    <fieldset>
        <legend>Instructor</legend>

        @Html.HiddenFor(model => model.InstructorID)
             

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.LastName)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.LastName)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.LastName)
        </div>

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.FirstMidName)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.FirstMidName)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.FirstMidName)
        </div>

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.HireDate)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.HireDate)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.HireDate)
        </div>

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.OfficeAssignment.Location)
        </div>

        <div class="editor-field">
    <table>
        <tr>
            @{
                int cnt = 0;
                List<ContosoUniversity.ViewModels.AssignedCourseData> courses = ViewBag.Courses;

                foreach (var course in courses) {
                    if (cnt++ % 3 == 0) {
                        @:  </tr> <tr> 
                    }
                    @: <td> 
                        <input type="checkbox" 
                               name="selectedCourses" 
                               value="@course.CourseID" 
                               @(Html.Raw(course.Assigned ? "checked=\"checked\"" : "")) /> 
                        @course.CourseID @:  @course.Title
                    @:</td>
                }
                @: </tr>
            }
    </table>
</div>
        <p>
            <input type="submit" value="Save" />
        </p>
    </fieldset>
}

<div>
    @Html.ActionLink("Back to List", "Index")
</div>

@section Scripts {
    @Scripts.Render("~/bundles/jqueryval")
}

This code creates an HTML table that hasthree columns. In each column is a check box followed by a caption thatconsists of the course number and title. 创建了一个三列表格，每一列包含复选框、课程编号和名称。所有复选框的名字都是一样的("selectedCourses"), 模型绑定器由此得知将其作为一组信息来处理. 单选框的 value 设为对于课程的 CourseID. 当编辑提交之后，模型绑定器将被选中的复选框的值组合为一个数组传给控制器。

在 Views\Instructor\Index.cshtml, 在Office 列之后添加 Courses :

<tr> 
    <th></th> 
    <th>Last Name</th> 
    <th>First Name</th> 
    <th>Hire Date</th> 
    <th>Office</th>
    <th>Courses</th>
</tr>

修改视图代码:

@model ContosoUniversity.ViewModels.InstructorIndexData

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Instructors";
}

<h2>Instructors</h2>

<p>
    @Html.ActionLink("Create New", "Create")
</p>
<table>
    <tr>
        <th></th>
        <th>Last Name</th>
        <th>First Name</th>
        <th>Hire Date</th>
        <th>Office</th>
        <th>Courses</th>
    </tr>
    @foreach (var item in Model.Instructors)
    {
        string selectedRow = "";
        if (item.InstructorID == ViewBag.InstructorID)
        {
            selectedRow = "selectedrow";
        } 
        <tr class="@selectedRow" valign="top">
            <td>
                @Html.ActionLink("Select", "Index", new { id = item.InstructorID }) | 
                @Html.ActionLink("Edit", "Edit", new { id = item.InstructorID }) | 
                @Html.ActionLink("Details", "Details", new { id = item.InstructorID }) | 
                @Html.ActionLink("Delete", "Delete", new { id = item.InstructorID })
            </td>
            <td>
                @item.LastName
            </td>
            <td>
                @item.FirstMidName
            </td>
            <td>
                @String.Format("{0:d}", item.HireDate)
            </td>
            <td>
                @if (item.OfficeAssignment != null)
                { 
                    @item.OfficeAssignment.Location  
                }
            </td>
            <td>
                @{
                foreach (var course in item.Courses)
                {
                    @course.CourseID @:  @course.Title <br />
                }
                }
            </td>
        </tr> 
    }
</table>

@if (Model.Courses != null)
{ 
    <h3>Courses Taught by Selected Instructor</h3> 
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th></th>
            <th>ID</th>
            <th>Title</th>
            <th>Department</th>
        </tr>

        @foreach (var item in Model.Courses)
        {
            string selectedRow = "";
            if (item.CourseID == ViewBag.CourseID)
            {
                selectedRow = "selectedrow";
            } 
        
            <tr class="@selectedRow">

                <td>
                    @Html.ActionLink("Select", "Index", new { courseID = item.CourseID })
                </td>
                <td>
                    @item.CourseID
                </td>
                <td>
                    @item.Title
                </td>
                <td>
                    @item.Department.Name
                </td>
            </tr> 
        }

    </table> 
}
@if (Model.Enrollments != null)
{ 
    <h3>Students Enrolled in Selected Course</h3> 
    <table>
        <tr>
            <th>Name</th>
            <th>Grade</th>
        </tr>
        @foreach (var item in Model.Enrollments)
        { 
            <tr>
                <td>
                    @item.Student.FullName
                </td>
                <td>
                    @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Grade)
                </td>
            </tr> 
        }
    </table> 
}

</td>

运行 Instructor Index 查看效果:

Instructor_index_page

点击 Edit 查看Edit page.

Instructor_edit_page_with_courses

修改一些课程的分配然后点击 Save. 修改结果在Index页面展示.

Note: 这种方式在课程数目不多时有效。如果课程数目很多需要修改显示方式和更新方法。

更新 Delete 方法

修改代码，当删除教师时，为其分配的办公室信息随之删除:

[HttpPost, ActionName("Delete")]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public ActionResult DeleteConfirmed(int id)
{
   Instructor instructor = db.Instructors
     .Include(i => i.OfficeAssignment)
     .Where(i => i.InstructorID == id)
     .Single();

   instructor.OfficeAssignment = null;
   db.Instructors.Remove(instructor);
   db.SaveChanges();
   return RedirectToAction("Index");
}