一 介绍
本文并不想介绍Struts,Spring,Hibernate的原理系统架构等,本文地目的是通过一个较复杂地实例介绍如何整合Struts,Spring,Hibernate,网上现有的例子虽然也能达到目的,但功能都比较单一,复杂的例子时会有意想不到的麻烦。本文对读者假设已经具备了以上框架的基础知识。以及那些已经了解Struts,Spring,Hibernate的基本概念,但是还没有亲身在较复杂的项目中体验Struts+Spring+Hibernate的开发人员。
1 Struts
虽然不打算过多介绍Struts的原理,但是大概介绍一下还是有必要的。Struts本身就是 MVC 在这里负责将用户数据传人业务层,以及 将业务层处理的结果返回给用户,此系统属于较简单WEB应用,采用了OpenSessionInView模式处理LazyLoad问题,这样我们可以在用户视图中使用 get,set方法来方便地获取关联对象。为了处理庞大的Action和ActionForm问题,在此我门准备使用DynaActionForm (DynaValidatorForm)和DispatchAction以及 动态验证框架 来解决。及使用Tile来解决框架问题 。使用自定义标签处理分页和身份验证问题。
2 Spring
Spring Framework最得以出名的是与Hibernate的无缝链接,虽然Spring 对Hibernate提供了90%以上的封装,使我们不必去关心Session 的建立,关闭,以及事务使我们能够专心的关注业务逻辑。但是一些特殊情况如 有时需要Query以及Criteria 对象,分页等,Spring不能给我们提供支持,总不能每次都在你的DAO上写个HibernateCallBackup()吧?Spring的作用不是把Hibernate再封装一层,而是让你接触不到Hibernate的API,而是帮助你管理好Session和Transaction。
在这里解决方法是:首先 写一个IBase 的接口,和一个BaseDao的实现。在实现中仿照HibernateTemplate,将其功能一一实现,同时考虑到Spring 未能支持的地方,我们不得已只好自己来管理Session,因此加入public Session openSession(),public Query getQuery(String sql),public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz),以及分页的方法。 然后为每一个Entity 都建立继承于以上类的IEntity,与EntityDao。这里可以根据需求对Entity加入特殊的方法实现,如 在 StudentsDao.java 中加入类似用户身份验证等。以上就是数据访问层。接下来在Service层中通过对dao的引用完成业务逻辑方法。在下面的例子中我们分别为学生模块,教师模块,管理员模块构建Service层,StudentsServiceImpl,TeachersServiceImpl,AdminServiceImpl。
3 Hibernate
有了Spring的封装,我们要对Hibernate做的就是正确实现对象关系的映射。由于此处处于系统的最底层,准确无误的实现对象之间的关联关系映射将起着至关重要的作用。
总之,理解了Struts,Spring,Hibernate地原理以及之间的关系之后,剩下的工作就如同在以Spring为核心的Struts为表现的框架中堆积木。
下图可以更好的帮助我们理解Struts,Spring,Hibernate之间的关系。
二 案例简述:
设计思路主要源于 大学选修课,该系统可以方便处理学生在课程选报,学分查询,成绩查询,以及 成绩发布等。
系统以班级为核心,一门课程可以对应多个班级,一名教师也可以带不同的班级,学生可以选报不同课程所对应的班级,班级自身有目前人数,和最大人数,以及上课时间,上课地点的属性。
学生在选报班级之后,班级的人数会自动加一,直到等于最大人数时,其他学生将会有人数已满的错误提示。同理如果学生选择了同一课程的不同班级,也将收到错误提示。学生有密码,系别,学分,地址,电话等属性。
教师在系统中主要负责成绩发布,教师可以对其所带的班级的学生的成绩修改,系统会以成绩是否大于等于60来判断学生是否通过考试,如果通过会将该课程的学分累加到学生学分,同样如果教师二次修改了成绩,而且小于60,系统会在学生学分上扣掉该课程的分数。
课程在系统中具体体现为班级,自身带有学分属性。 </S< body>
系有编号,名称的属性,同时可以作为联系教师,课程,学生的桥梁。
功能模块
l 身份验证模块: 根据用户名,密码,用户类别 转发用户到不同的模块。
l 学生模块: 查看课程,查看班级,选报课程,查看己选课程,成绩查询。
l 教师模块: 录入成绩
l 管理员模块:对学生,教师,课程,班级,系 增,删,查,改。
三 具体实践
代码下载 http://www.blogjava.net/Files/limq/StudentManger.rar 1 对象关系映射:
首先,将库表映射为数据模型(SQL在源码中查看),转换后的数据模型如下图:
由此我们可以看出一下关联关系:
1 Students 和 Contact(联系方式)一对一关系。
2 Students 和 History(选课历史) 一对多关系
3 Students 和 Classes 多对多关系。
4 Classes 和 Classes_info 一对多关系。
5 Classes 和 Teachers 多对一关系。
6 Classes 和 Courses 多对一关系。
7 Course 和 Department(系) 多对一关系。
8 Teachers 和 Department 多对一关系。
9 Students 和 Department 多对一关系。
在Hibernate中将以上关系一一映射,如Students 和 History 一对多关系
Students.cfg.xm.:
1 <set name="history" 2 table="history" 3 cascade="all" 4 inverse="true" 5 lazy="true" > 6 <key column="student_id"/> 7 <one-to-many class="limq.hibernate.vo.History" 8 /> 9 </< SPAN>set> 10
1 <many-to-one name="student" 2 class="limq.hibernate.vo.Students" 3 column="student_id" > 4 </< SPAN>many-to-one> 5
用过MyEclipse开发Hibernate的就知道,MyEclipse会帮助我们生成持久对象和抽象对象,我们要在 Students.java 中加入对History的引用
private Set history=new HashSet();
public Set getHistory() {
return history;
}
public void setHistory(Set history) {
this.history = history;
}
同时,在AbstractHistory.java 中删除student_id 以及对应的get,set 方法,History.java 中加入
private Students student;
public Students getStudent() {
return student;
}
public void setStudent(Students student) {
this.student = student;
}
具体内容请查看 源代码。
2 DAO 数据访问层
首先,编写IBaseDao与BaseDao,其中IBaseDao代码如下:
1 package limq.hibernate.dao; 2 3 import java.util.Collection; 4 import java.util.List; 5 import net.sf.hibernate.Criteria; 6 import net.sf.hibernate.Query; 7 import net.sf.hibernate.Session; 8 import limq.exception.DaoException; 9 10 public interface IBaseDao { 11 12 public Session openSession(); 13 14 public int getTotalCount( String hql) throws Exception; 15 16 public Query getQuery(String sql) throws Exception; 17 18 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception; 19 20 public int getTotalPage(int totalCount,int pageSize); 21 22 public void create(Object entity); 23 24 public void update(Object entity); 25 26 public void delete(Object entity) throws DaoException; 27 28 public void deleteAll(Class clazz) throws DaoException; 29 30 public void deleteAll(Collection entities) throws DaoException; 31 32 public Object loadByKey(Class clazz, String keyName, Object keyValue); 33 34 public List find(String queryString) throws DaoException; 35 36 public List find(String queryString, Object param) throws DaoException; 37 38 public List find(String queryString, Object[] params) throws DaoException; 39 40 } 41
BaseDao继承org.springframework.orm.hibernate.support.HibernateDaoSupport
实现以上的 定义的方法
如:
1 public void create(Object entity) { 2 try { 3 getHibernateTemplate().save(entity); 4 5 } catch (Exception e) { 6 log.error("保存 " + entity.getClass().getName() + " 实例到数据库失败", e); 7 8 } 9 } 10 /** 11 * 获得session 12 */ 13 public Session openSession() { 14 return SessionFactoryUtils.getSession(getSessionFactory(), false); 15 } 16 17 /** 18 * 获得Query对象 19 */ 20 public Query getQuery(String sql) throws Exception{ 21 Session session = this.openSession(); 22 Query query = session.createQuery(sql); 23 return query; 24 } 25 /** 26 * 获得Criteria对象 27 */ 28 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception{ 29 30 Session session=this.openSession(); 31 Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(clazz); 32 return criteria; 33 } 34
可以看到,这里即充分利用了Spring对Hibernate的支持,还弥补了Spring的不足。最后分别为每个持久对象建立Interface,以及DAO,使其分别继承IBaseDao与BaseDao。
如IDepartment,DepartmentDao
1 public interface IDepartment extends IBaseDao {} 2 3 public class DepartmentDao extends BaseDao implements IBaseDao {} 4
3 Service 层
在这里需要认真思考每个业务逻辑所能用到的持久层对象和DAO,还要完成配置Spring框架, 首先我一起看看applications-service.xml
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC "-//SPRING//DTD BEAN//EN" 3 "http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans.dtd"> 4 <beans> 5 <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close"> 6 <property name="driverClassName"> 7 <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</< SPAN>value> 8 </< SPAN>property> 9 <property name="url"> 10 <value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/Student</< SPAN>value> 11 </< SPAN>property> 12 <property name="username"> 13 <value>root</< SPAN>value> 14 </< SPAN>property> 15 <property name="password"> 16 <value></< SPAN>value> 17 </< SPAN>property> 18 </< SPAN>bean> 19 <bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.LocalSessionFactoryBean"> 20 <property name="dataSource"> 21 <ref local="dataSource"/> 22 </< SPAN>property> 23 <property name="mappingResources"> 24 <list> 25 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Admins.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 26 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Classes.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 27 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Courses.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 28 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Students.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 29 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/ClassesInfo.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 30 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Contact.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 31 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Department.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 32 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/History.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 33 <value>limq/hibernate/vo/Teachers.hbm.xml</< SPAN>value> 34 </< SPAN>list> 35 </< SPAN>property> 36 <property name="hibernateProperties"> 37 <props> 38 <prop key="hibernate.dialect">net.sf.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</< SPAN>prop> 39 <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</< SPAN>prop> 40 </< SPAN>props> 41 </< SPAN>property> 42 </< SPAN>bean> 43 <bean id="myTransactionManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.HibernateTransactionManager"> 44 <property name="sessionFactory"> 45 <ref local="sessionFactory"/> 46 </< SPAN>property> 47 </< SPAN>bean> 48 49 <bean id="hibernateInterceptor" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate.HibernateInterceptor"> 50 <property name="sessionFactory"> 51 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/> 52 </< SPAN>property> 53 </< SPAN>bean> 54 <bean id="studentDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.StudentsDao"> 55 <property name="sessionFactory"> 56 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/> 57 </< SPAN>property> 58 </< SPAN>bean> 59 <bean id="teacherDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.TeachersDao"> 60 <property name="sessionFactory"> 61 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/> 62 </< SPAN>property> 63 </< SPAN>bean> 64 <bean id="courseDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.CoursesDao"> 65 <property name="sessionFactory"> 66 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/> 67 </< SPAN>property> 68 </< SPAN>bean> 69 <bean id="classDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.ClassesDao"> 70 <property name="sessionFactory"> 71 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/> 72 </< SPAN>property> 73 </< SPAN>bean> 74 <bean id="departmentDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.DepartmentDao"> 75 <property name="sessionFactory"> 76 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/> 77 </< SPAN>property> 78 </< SPAN>bean> 79 <bean id="adminDaoTarget" class="limq.hibernate.dao.AdminDao"> 80 <property name="sessionFactory"> 81 <ref bean="sessionFactory"/> 82 </< SPAN>property> 83 </< SPAN>bean> 84 <bean id="studentDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean"> 85 <property name="proxyInterfaces"> 86 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IStudents</< SPAN>value> 87 </< SPAN>property> 88 <property name="interceptorNames"> 89 <list> 90 <value>hibernateInterceptor</< SPAN>value> 91 <value>studentDaoTarget</< SPAN>value> 92 </< SPAN>list> 93 </< SPAN>property> 94 </< SPAN>bean> 95 <bean id="teacherDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean"> 96 <property name="proxyInterfaces"> 97 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.ITeachers</< SPAN>value> 98 </< SPAN>property> 99 <property name="interceptorNames"> 100 <list> 101 <value>hibernateInterceptor</< SPAN>value> 102 <value>teacherDaoTarget</< SPAN>value> 103 </< SPAN>list> 104 </< SPAN>property> 105 </< SPAN>bean> 106 <bean id="courseDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean"> 107 <property name="proxyInterfaces"> 108 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.ICourses</< SPAN>value> 109 </< SPAN>property> 110 <property name="interceptorNames"> 111 <list> 112 <value>hibernateInterceptor</< SPAN>value> 113 <value>courseDaoTarget</< SPAN>value> 114 </< SPAN>list> 115 </< SPAN>property> 116 </< SPAN>bean> 117 <bean id="classDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean"> 118 <property name="proxyInterfaces"> 119 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IClasses</< SPAN>value> 120 </< SPAN>property> 121 <property name="interceptorNames"> 122 <list> 123 <value>hibernateInterceptor</< SPAN>value> 124 <value>classDaoTarget</< SPAN>value> 125 </< SPAN>list> 126 </< SPAN>property> 127 </< SPAN>bean> 128 <bean id="departmentDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean"> 129 <property name="proxyInterfaces"> 130 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IDepartment</< SPAN>value> 131 </< SPAN>property> 132 <property name="interceptorNames"> 133 <list> 134 <value>hibernateInterceptor</< SPAN>value> 135 <value>departmentDaoTarget</< SPAN>value> 136 </< SPAN>list> 137 </< SPAN>property> 138 </< SPAN>bean> 139 <bean id="adminDao" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean"> 140 <property name="proxyInterfaces"> 141 <value>limq.hibernate.dao.IAdmin</< SPAN>value> 142 </< SPAN>property> 143 <property name="interceptorNames"> 144 <list> 145 <value>hibernateInterceptor</< SPAN>value> 146 <value>adminDaoTarget</< SPAN>value> 147 </< SPAN>list> 148 </< SPAN>property> 149 </< SPAN>bean> 150 151 <bean id="studentManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.StudentsServiceImpl"> 152 <property name="studentsDao"> 153 <ref bean="studentDao"/> 154 </< SPAN>property> 155 <property name="coursesDao"> 156 <ref bean="courseDao"/> 157 </< SPAN>property> 158 <property name="classesDao"> 159 <ref bean="classDao"/> 160 </< SPAN>property> 161 <property name="departmentsdao"> 162 <ref bean="departmentDao"/> 163 </< SPAN>property> 164 </< SPAN>bean> 165 <bean id="teacherManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.TeachersServiceImpl"> 166 <property name="teachersDao"> 167 <ref bean="teacherDao"/> 168 </< SPAN>property> 169 <property name="coursesDao"> 170 <ref bean="courseDao"/> 171 </< SPAN>property> 172 <property name="classesDao"> 173 <ref bean="classDao"/> 174 </< SPAN>property> 175 <property name="studentsDao"> 176 <ref bean="studentDao"/> 177 </< SPAN>property> 178 </< SPAN>bean> 179 <bean id="adminManagerTarget" class="limq.spring.service.AdminServiceImpl"> 180 <property name="adminDao"> 181 <ref bean="adminDao"/> 182 </< SPAN>property> 183 <property name="teachersDao"> 184 <ref bean="teacherDao"/> 185 </< SPAN>property> 186 <property name="coursesDao"> 187 <ref bean="courseDao"/> 188 </< SPAN>property> 189 <property name="classesDao"> 190 <ref bean="classDao"/> 191 </< SPAN>property> 192 <property name="studentsDao"> 193 <ref bean="studentDao"/> 194 </< SPAN>property> 195 <property name="departmentsdao"> 196 <ref bean="departmentDao"/> 197 </< SPAN>property> 198 </< SPAN>bean> 199 200 <bean id="studentManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean"> 201 <property name="transactionManager"> 202 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/> 203 </< SPAN>property> 204 <property name="target"> 205 <ref bean="studentManagerTarget"/> 206 </< SPAN>property> 207 <property name="transactionAttributes"> 208 <props> 209 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS</< SPAN>prop> 210 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED</< SPAN>prop> 211 </< SPAN>props> 212 </< SPAN>property> 213 </< SPAN>bean> 214 <bean id="teacherManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean"> 215 <property name="transactionManager"> 216 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/> 217 </< SPAN>property> 218 <property name="target"> 219 <ref bean="teacherManagerTarget"/> 220 </< SPAN>property> 221 <property name="transactionAttributes"> 222 <props> 223 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS</< SPAN>prop> 224 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED</< SPAN>prop> 225 </< SPAN>props> 226 </< SPAN>property> 227 </< SPAN>bean> 228 <bean id="adminManager" class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean"> 229 <property name="transactionManager"> 230 <ref bean="myTransactionManager"/> 231 </< SPAN>property> 232 <property name="target"> 233 <ref bean="adminManagerTarget"/> 234 </< SPAN>property> 235 <property name="transactionAttributes"> 236 <props> 237 <prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_SUPPORTS</< SPAN>prop> 238 <prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED</< SPAN>prop> 239 </< SPAN>props> 240 </< SPAN>property> 241 </< SPAN>bean> 242 </< SPAN>beans> 243
以StudentsServiceImpl以为例,下图演示了如何利用Spring的Ioc与Hibernate的结合。
可以看到分别将studentDao,classDao,coursesDao,departmentDao,注入studentManager.
1 IStudentsService.java 2 public interface IStudentsService { 3 4 public boolean validate(String username,String pasword); 5 public Classes[] getClassesFromCourse(Courses courses); 6 public Department getDepFromID(Integer id); 7 public Courses getCourseFromID(Integer id); 8 public Classes getClassFromID(Integer id); 9 public Students getStudetFromName(String name); 10 public boolean ifEnrolSameCourse(Classes clazz,Students stu); 11 public void selectClasses(Students stu, Classes clazz,Date date); 12 public boolean ifMoreThanCap(Classes clazz); 13 public void updateSudent(Students stu,Contact contact); 14 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception; 15 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo,String stu_name) throws Exception; 16 17 } 18 19 实现StudentsServiceImpl.java 20 public class StudentsServiceImpl implements IStudentsService { 21 22 private Logger log = Logger.getLogger(this.getClass()); 23 24 private IStudents studentsDao; 25 26 private ICourses coursesDao; 27 28 private IClasses classesDao; 29 30 private IDepartment departmentsdao; 31 32 /** 33 * 验证用户名密码 34 * 35 * @param username 36 * 用户名 37 * @param password 38 * 密码 39 */ 40 41 public boolean validate(String username, String password) { 42 43 String password2 = studentsDao.getPasswordFromUsername(username); 44 if (password.equals(password2)) 45 return true; 46 else 47 return false; 48 49 } 50 51 /** 52 * 查找所有课程 53 * 54 */ 55 public Courses[] getAllCourses() { 56 57 List list = null; 58 try { 59 60 list = coursesDao.find("select c from Courses as c "); 61 } catch (Exception e) { 62 } 63 64 return (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0]); 65 } 66 67 /** 68 * 分页显示所有课程 69 * 70 * @param pageinfo 71 */ 72 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception { 73 74 HashMap hp = new HashMap(); 75 String hsql = "select c from Courses as c order by c.id"; 76 Query query = coursesDao.getQuery(hsql); 77 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount(); 78 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage(); 79 int start = pageinfo.getStart(); 80 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalCount(hsql) 81 : totalCount; 82 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalPage(totalCount, 83 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage; 84 query.setFirstResult(start); 85 query.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize()); 86 List list = query.list(); 87 hp.put("courses", (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0])); 88 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount)); 89 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage)); 90 return hp; 91 } 92 /** 93 * 分页显示所有选课历史 94 * @param pageinfo 95 * @param stu_name 96 */ 97 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo, String stu_name) 98 throws Exception { 99 HashMap hp = new HashMap(); 100 Students stu = this.getStudetFromName(stu_name); 101 Integer stu_id = stu.getId(); 102 Criteria criteria = coursesDao.getCriteria(History.class); 103 criteria.createCriteria("student").add(Expression.eq("name", stu_name)); 104 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount(); 105 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage(); 106 int start = pageinfo.getStart(); 107 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? criteria.list().size() : totalCount; 108 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? studentsDao.getTotalPage(totalCount, 109 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage; 110 criteria.setFirstResult(start); 111 criteria.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize()); 112 criteria.addOrder(Order.asc("id")); 113 List list = criteria.list(); 114 hp.put("history", (History[]) list.toArray(new History[0])); 115 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount)); 116 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage)); 117 return hp; 118 } 119 /** 120 * 根据课程查找班级 121 * @param course 122 * 课程实体 123 * @return 返回该课程下所有班级 124 */ 125 public Classes[] getClassesFromCourse(Courses course) { 126 return coursesDao.getClassesFromCourse(course); 127 } 128 129 /** 130 * 根据主键查找系 131 * @param id 132 * 主键ID 133 */ 134 public Department getDepFromID(Integer id) { 135 return (Department) departmentsdao 136 .loadByKey(Department.class, "id", id); 137 } 138 139 /** 140 * 根据主键查找课程 141 * @param id 142 * 主键ID 143 */ 144 public Courses getCourseFromID(Integer id) { 145 return (Courses) coursesDao.loadByKey(Courses.class, "id", id); 146 } 147 /** 148 * 根据主键查找班级 149 * @param id 150 * 主键ID 151 */ 152 public Classes getClassFromID(Integer id) { 153 return (Classes) classesDao.loadByKey(Classes.class, "id", id); 154 } 155 156 /** 157 * 根据姓名查找学生 158 * @param name 159 */ 160 public Students getStudetFromName(String name) { 161 return (Students) studentsDao.loadByKey(Students.class, "name", name); 162 } 163 164 /** 165 * 检查学生是否选报了同一课程的班级 166 * @param clazz 167 * 所选报的班级 168 * @param stu 169 * 学生实体 170 * @return true 该生选报同一课程的班级 171 * @return false 没有报过该课程的班级,可以选报 172 * 173 */ 174 public boolean ifEnrolSameCourse(Classes clazz, Students stu) { 175 176 Courses cour = clazz.getCourse(); 177 178 Classes[] classes = (Classes[]) stu.getClasses() 179 .toArray(new Classes[0]); 180 for (int i = 0; i < classes.length; i++) { 181 182 Courses c1 = classes[i].getCourse(); 183 184 if (c1.getId().equals(cour.getId())) 185 return true; 186 } 187 return false; 188 } 189 190 /** 191 * 检查课程的目前人数 192 * @param clazz 193 * 检查班级人数是否已满 194 * @param clazz 195 * 班级实体 196 * @return true 班级人数已满 197 * @return false 班级人数未满 198 * 199 */ 200 public boolean ifMoreThanCap(Classes clazz) { 201 Integer capacity = clazz.getCapacity(); 202 Integer maxcapacity = clazz.getMaxcapacity(); 203 if (capacity.intValue() < maxcapacity.intValue()) { 204 clazz.setCapacity(Integer.valueOf(capacity.intValue() + 1)); 205 //classesDao.update(clazz); 206 return false; 207 } else 208 return true; 209 210 } 211 212 /** 213 * 数据库插入选择班级的记录 214 * @param stu 215 * 学生 216 * @param clazz 217 * 所选择的班级 218 */ 219 public void selectClasses(Students stu, Classes clazz, Date date) 220 { 221 stu.getClasses().add(clazz); 222 clazz.getStudents().add(stu); 223 History his = new History(); 224 his.setEnrolTime(date); 225 his.setStudent(stu); 226 his.setClasses(clazz); 227 his.setScore(clazz.getCourse().getScore()); 228 his.setMarking(new Double(0)); 229 try{ 230 String cour_name=new String(clazz.getCourse().getName().getBytes("GBK")); 231 his.setCourseName(cour_name); 232 }catch( java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException e){e.getStackTrace();} 233 stu.getHistory().add(his); 234 } 235 236 public void updateSudent(Students stu,Contact contact){ 237 238 studentsDao.update(stu); 239 studentsDao.update(contact); 240 241 } 242 public IStudents getStudentsDao() { 243 return studentsDao; 244 } 245 public void setStudentsDao(IStudents studentsDao) { 246 this.studentsDao = studentsDao; 247 } 248 public IClasses getClassesDao() { 249 return classesDao; 250 } 251 public void setClassesDao(IClasses classesDao) { 252 this.classesDao = classesDao; 253 } 254 public ICourses getCoursesDao() { 255 return coursesDao; 256 } 257 public void setCoursesDao(ICourses coursesDao) { 258 this.coursesDao = coursesDao; 259 } 260 public IDepartment getDepartmentsdao() { 261 return departmentsdao; 262 } 263 public void setDepartmentsdao(IDepartment departmentdao) { 264 this.departmentsdao = departmentdao; 265 } 266 } 267 268
4 UI层
这里我们选择Struts,首先配置 web.xml
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <web-app xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="2.4" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd"> 3 <context-param> 4 <param-name>contextConfigLocation</< SPAN>param-name> 5 <param-value>/WEB-INF/classes/applications-service.xml</< SPAN>param-value> 6 </< SPAN>context-param> 7 <context-param> 8 <param-name>log4jConfigLocation</< SPAN>param-name> 9 <param-value>/WEB-INF/log4j.properties</< SPAN>param-value> 10 </< SPAN>context-param> 11 <filter> 12 <filter-name>hibernateFilter</< SPAN>filter-name> 13 <filter-class>org.springframework.orm.hibernate.support.OpenSessionInViewFilter</< SPAN>filter-class> 14 </< SPAN>filter> 15 <filter-mapping> 16 <filter-name>hibernateFilter</< SPAN>filter-name> 17 <url-pattern>/*</< SPAN>url-pattern> 18 </< SPAN>filter-mapping> 19 <filter> 20 <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</< SPAN>filter-name> 21 <filter-class>limq.struts.SetCharacterEncodingFilter</< SPAN>filter-class> 22 </< SPAN>filter> 23 <filter-mapping> 24 <filter-name>Set Character Encoding</< SPAN>filter-name> 25 <url-pattern>/*</< SPAN>url-pattern> 26 </< SPAN>filter-mapping> 27 <servlet> 28 <servlet-name>SpringContextServlet</< SPAN>servlet-name> 29 <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderServlet</< SPAN>servlet-class> 30 <load-on-startup>1</< SPAN>load-on-startup> 31 </< SPAN>servlet> 32 <servlet> 33 <servlet-name>action</< SPAN>servlet-name> 34 <servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</< SPAN>servlet-class> 35 <init-param> 36 <param-name>config</< SPAN>param-name> 37 <param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</< SPAN>param-value> 38 </< SPAN>init-param> 39 <init-param> 40 <param-name>debug</< SPAN>param-name> 41 <param-value>3</< SPAN>param-value> 42 </< SPAN>init-param> 43 <init-param> 44 <param-name>detail</< SPAN>param-name> 45 <param-value>3</< SPAN>param-value> 46 </< SPAN>init-param> 47 <load-on-startup>0</< SPAN>load-on-startup> 48 </< SPAN>servlet> 49 <servlet-mapping> 50 <servlet-name>action</< SPAN>servlet-name> 51 <url-pattern>*.do</< SPAN>url-pattern> 52 </< SPAN>servlet-mapping> 53 </< SPAN>web-app> 54 55
1 <filter> 2 <filter-name>hibernateFilter</< SPAN>filter-name> 3 <filter-class>org.springframework.orm.hibernate.support.OpenSessionInViewFilter</< SPAN>filter-class> 4 </< SPAN>filter> 5 <filter-mapping> 6 <filter-name>hibernateFilter</< SPAN>filter-name> 7 <url-pattern>/*</< SPAN>url-pattern> 8 </< SPAN>filter-mapping> 9
由于我们使用了lazy = "true",如果想在UI层使用实体对象关联来获得其他对象时就会有这样的提示:
org.hibernate.LazyInitializationException: failed to lazily initialize a collection
Spring 中引入了 OpenSessionInView模式可以处理以上问题,即在web.xml中加入以上代码。
接下来建立抽象BaseAction,和 BaseDispatchAction,其中后者与前者相似目的为减少Action的数量
1 abstract class BaseAction extends Action { 2 3 private IStudentsService studentsService; 4 private ITeachersService teachersSerivce; 5 private IAdminService adminService; 6 public void setServlet(ActionServlet actionServlet) { 7 super.setServlet(actionServlet); 8 ServletContext servletContext = actionServlet.getServletContext(); 9 WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils 10 .getRequiredWebApplicationContext(servletContext); 11 12 this.studentsService = (IStudentsService) wac.getBean("studentManager"); 13 this.adminService = (IAdminService) wac.getBean("adminManager"); 14 this.teachersSerivce = (ITeachersService) wac.getBean("teacherManager"); 15 } 16 public IStudentsService getStudentsService() { 17 return studentsService; 18 } 19 public ITeachersService getTeachersSerivce() { 20 return teachersSerivce; 21 } 22 public void setTeachersSerivce(ITeachersService teachersSerivce) { 23 this.teachersSerivce = teachersSerivce; 24 } 25 public IAdminService getAdminService() { 26 return adminService; 27 } 28 public void setAdminService(IAdminService adminService) { 29 this.adminService = adminService; 30 } 31 } 32
BaseDispatchAction与之类似,请查看源码。其他Action都从这两个类继承。
以下就以查看课程下的班级为例演示Struts与Spring的使用:
1 CoursesAction.java 2 /** 3 * 查看课程下的班级 4 */ 5 public ActionForward viewClassFromCourse(ActionMapping mapping, 6 ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, 7 HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { 8 Integer cour_id = Integer.valueOf((request.getParameter("cour_id"))); 9 Courses cour = super.getStudentsService().getCourseFromID(cour_id); 10 Classes[] clazz =(Classes[])cour.getClasses().toArray(new Classes[0]); 11 request.setAttribute("clazz", clazz); 12 return mapping.findForward("success"); 13 } 14
这里从上一个页面获得课程编号 cour_id, 然后通过StudentsServiceImpl中的
1 public Courses getCourseFromID(Integer id) { 2 return (Courses) coursesDao.loadByKey(Courses.class, "id", id); 3 } 4
方法查到Courses实例,利用Courses和Classes的关联关系得到Classes[],在将其放入
Request. 通过mapping.findForward("success"),转发到
select_course_Content.jsp
CustomRequestProcessor.java 介绍
1 public class CustomRequestProcessor extends RequestProcessor { 2 protected boolean processPreprocess(HttpServletRequest request, 3 HttpServletResponse response) { 4 boolean continueProcessing = true; 5 HttpSession session = request.getSession(); 6 String uri =request.getRequestURI(); 7 if ( session == null || session.getAttribute("userName") == null ) { 8 continueProcessing = false; 9 if(uri.endsWith("login.do")) return true; 10 try{ 11 response.sendRedirect("/StudentManger/login.jsp" ); 12 }catch( Exception ex ){ 13 log.error( "Problem sending redirect from processPreprocess()" ); 14 } 15 } 16 return continueProcessing; 17 } 18 } 19
为了验证用户操作权限,这里扩展了Struts 的RequestProcessor来判断Session如果Session和userName都不空则程序继续,否则重定向到login.jsp。要想扩展RequestProcessor类,需在Struts的配置文件中加入
1 <controller 2 contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" 3 locale="true" 4 nocache="true" 5 processorClass="limq.struts.CustomRequestProcessor"/> 6
呵呵,当然在正规使用时仅仅这样验证是不够的。欢迎你把自己修改方法告诉我。
4分页处理:
下面重点讨论一下Hibernate的分页处理方式。
Hibernate 中处理查询主要有 Query ,Criteria,分别以 HSQL或编程方式实现,
本例对这两种方法都有相关处理。由于在Spring中无法直接使用Query和Criteria对象
所以只有先从Spring那里借一个Session,等使用完了在还给Sping处理。读者应该还记得在BaseDao中有这样的语句方便我们获取Session及其他对象:
1 public Query getQuery(String sql) throws Exception{ 2 Session session = this.openSession(); 3 Query query = session.createQuery(sql); 4 return query; 5 } 6 7 public Criteria getCriteria(Class clazz) throws Exception{ 8 9 Session session=this.openSession(); 10 Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(clazz); 11 return criteria; 12 } 13
Service层以查询所有课程与学生选课记录为例处理Query与Criteria:
1 StudentsServiceImpl.java 2 public HashMap getCourse(PageInfo pageinfo) throws Exception { 3 4 HashMap hp = new HashMap(); 5 String hsql = "select c from Courses as c order by c.id"; 6 Query query = coursesDao.getQuery(hsql); 7 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount(); 8 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage(); 9 int start = pageinfo.getStart(); 10 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalCount(hsql) 11 : totalCount; 12 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? coursesDao.getTotalPage(totalCount, 13 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage; 14 query.setFirstResult(start); 15 query.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize()); 16 List list = query.list(); 17 hp.put("courses", (Courses[]) list.toArray(new Courses[0])); 18 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount)); 19 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage)); 20 return hp; 21 } 22 23 public HashMap getStudentHistory(PageInfo pageinfo, String stu_name) 24 throws Exception { 25 HashMap hp = new HashMap(); 26 Students stu = this.getStudetFromName(stu_name); 27 Integer stu_id = stu.getId(); 28 Criteria criteria = coursesDao.getCriteria(History.class); 29 criteria.createCriteria("student").add(Expression.eq("name", stu_name)); 30 int totalCount = pageinfo.getTatalCount(); 31 int totalPage = pageinfo.getTotalpage(); 32 int start = pageinfo.getStart(); 33 totalCount = totalCount == -1 ? criteria.list().size() : totalCount; 34 totalPage = totalPage == -1 ? studentsDao.getTotalPage(totalCount, 35 pageinfo.getPageSize()) : totalPage; 36 criteria.setFirstResult(start); 37 criteria.setMaxResults(pageinfo.getPageSize()); 38 criteria.addOrder(Order.asc("id")); 39 List list = criteria.list(); 40 hp.put("history", (History[]) list.toArray(new History[0])); 41 hp.put("totalCount", new Integer(totalCount)); 42 hp.put("totalPage", new Integer(totalPage)); 43 return hp; 44 } 45 PageIngfo.java 46 public class PageInfo { 47 48 int pageNo=0; 49 int totalpage=-1; 50 int tatalCount=-1; 51 int pageSize=0; 52 int start=0; 53
54
可以看到getCourse和getStudentHistory有很多相似之处,Hibernate为Query和Criteria提供了针对不同数据库的解决分页方法, Quey需要我们写HSQL, Criteria不但可以应付带有条件的查询,还不用我们自己写HSQL,PageInfo是含有分页信息的普通java类。
再看看Struts是如何调用getStudentHistory 的,
1 PageAction.java 2 public class PageAction extends BaseDispatchAction{ 3 public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping, 4 ActionForm form, 5 HttpServletRequest request, 6 HttpServletResponse response) 7 throws Exception { 8 String pageNo=request.getParameter("pageNo"); 9 String totalcount=request.getParameter("totalcount"); 10 String totalpage=request.getParameter("totalpage"); 11 int pagesize=2;//每页的大小 12 PageInfo page =new PageInfo(); 13 page.setPageSize(pagesize); 14 HashMap hp=null; 15 History[] historys = null; 16 String stu_name=null; 17 HttpSession session = request.getSession(); 18 stu_name = (String) session.getAttribute("userName"); 19 if(pageNo == null || totalcount == null || totalpage==null){ 20 //第一次发送请求 21 page.setPageNo(1); 22 hp=super.getStudentsService().getStudentHistory(page,stu_name); 23 page.setTatalCount(((Integer)hp.get("totalCount")).intValue()); 24 page.setTotalpage(((Integer)hp.get("totalPage")).intValue()); 25 }else{ 26 page.setPageNo(Integer.parseInt(pageNo)); 27 page.setTatalCount(Integer.parseInt(totalcount)); 28 page.setTotalpage(Integer.parseInt(totalpage)); 29 hp=super.getStudentsService().getStudentHistory(page,stu_name); 30 31 } 32 historys =(History[]) hp.get("history"); 33 request.setAttribute("history",historys); 34 request.setAttribute("pageinfo",page); 35 return mapping.findForward("success"); 36 } 37 } 38
在stu_his_Content.jsp中避免代码重复使用了自定义标志来处理分页
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 <html:html locale="true"> 9 <body> 10 14 <table width="550" border="1" cellspacing="0" align="center" cellpadding="0"> 15 <tr> 16 <td><bean:message key="class.id"/></< SPAN>td> 17 <td><bean:message key="course.name"/></< SPAN>td> 18 <td><bean:message key="enrol.time"/></< SPAN>td> 19 <td><bean:message key="score"/></< SPAN>td> 20 <td><bean:message key="marking"/></< SPAN>td> 21 </< SPAN>tr> 22 26 <tr> 27 <td></< SPAN>td> 28 <td></< SPAN>td> 29 <td></< SPAN>td> 30 <td></< SPAN>td> 31 <td></< SPAN>td> 32 </< SPAN>tr> 33 36 </< SPAN>table> 37 <mytag:page pageinfo="" action="getHistory.do"/> 38 </< SPAN>body> 39 </< SPAN>html:html> 40
1 PageTag.java 2 3 public class PageTag extends SimpleTagSupport { 4 5 private PageInfo pageinfo = null; 6 private String action = null; 7 8 public String getAction() { 9 return action;} 10 public void setAction(String action) { 11 this.action = action; 12 } 13 public PageInfo getPageinfo() { 14 return pageinfo; 15 } 16 public void setPageinfo(PageInfo pageinfo) { 17 this.pageinfo = pageinfo; 18 } 19 20 public void doTag() throws JspException, IOException { 21 JspWriter out = getJspContext().getOut(); 22 23 int totalpage = pageinfo.getTotalpage(); 24 int totalcount = pageinfo.getTatalCount(); 25 int pageNo = pageinfo.getPageNo(); 26 int addPageNo = pageNo + 1; 27 int minPageNo = pageNo - 1; 28 29 out.println("< SPAN>"400/" align=/"center/" cellPadding=/"0/" cellSpacing=/"0/"> "); 30 out.print(""); 31 out.println("共" + totalcount + "条," + totalpage + "页,当前" 32 + pageNo + "页"); 33 out.println(" "); 34 if (pageNo > 1) { 35 out 36 .println("&< SPAN>"/StudentManger/" + action 37 + "?pageNo=1"+ "&totalpage=" + totalpage + "&totalcount=" 38 + totalcount + "/">" ); 39 } 40 out.print("首页"); 41 out.println(" "); 42 if (pageNo > 1) { 43 out.println("&< SPAN>"/StudentManger/" + action + "?pageNo=" 44 + minPageNo + "&totalpage=" + totalpage + "&totalcount=" 45 + totalcount + "/">"); 46 } 47 out.print("上页"); 48 out.println(" "); 49 if (pageNo < totalpage) { 50 out.println("&< SPAN>"/StudentManger/" + action + "?pageNo=" 51 + addPageNo + "&totalpage=" + totalpage + "&totalcount=" 52 + totalcount + "/">"); 53 } 54 out.print("下页"); 55 out.println(" "); 56 if (pageNo < totalpage) { 57 58 out.println("< SPAN>"/StudentManger/" + action + "?pageNo=" 59 + totalpage + "&totalpage=" + totalpage + "&totalcount=" 60 + totalcount + "/">"); 61 62 } 63 out.print("末页"); 64 out.println(" "); 65 out.println("
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