# date //查看时间
Mon Sep 19 19:09:38 PDT 2016
# date +%F //指定时间格式显示
2016-09-19
# whoami //当前用户
root
# w
//当前登录的用户 /var/log/wtmp
# last //最近登录的用户 /var/log/btmp
# lastlog //所有用户的登录情况 /var/log/lastlog
# last //最近登录的用户 /var/log/btmp
# lastlog //所有用户的登录情况 /var/log/lastlog
passwd testuser 给已创建的用户testuser设置密码
新创建的用户会在/home下创建一个用户目录testuser
usermod --help 修改用户这个命令的相关参数
userdel testuser 删除用户testuser
rm -rf /home/testuser 删除用户testuser所在目录
# ls //查看当前目录
dc_center expire_deal.py pipework-master README.md run.py test worker.py
docs fab_run.py pkgs remove_c.py run.pyc uwsgi.ini
# stat README.md //查看文件详细信息
File: ‘README.md’
Size: 676 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file
Device: 803h/2051d Inode: 4294600 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Context: unconfined_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0
Access: 2016-09-12 19:50:38.890880305 -0700
Modify: 2016-09-12 19:36:39.390788015 -0700
Change: 2016-09-12 19:36:39.390788015 -0700
Birth: -
# file README.md //查看文件内容类型
README.md: UTF-8 Unicode text
//命令行快捷键
^a 光标移到命令行的最前端
^e 光标移到命令行的后端
^u 删除光标前所有字符
^k 删除光标后所有字符
^r 搜索历史命令，利用关键词
^r 上翻
^h 删除光标前一个
^d 删除光标后一个
^w 删除光标前一段内容
^u 删除光标前所有
^b 光标前移
^f 光标后移
^p 上一条命令
^l 清屏保存当前命令
^n 清除当前命令行
^m 回车
^d 删除光标后一个
^w 删除光标前一段内容
^u 删除光标前所有
^b 光标前移
^f 光标后移
^p 上一条命令
^l 清屏保存当前命令
^n 清除当前命令行
^m 回车
# type -a grep //
命令类型（alias、keyword、function、builtin、file、unfound）
grep is aliased to `grep --color=auto'
grep is /usr/bin/grep
grep is /bin/grep
# which grep //命令是否存在，位置
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
/usr/bin/grep
# man -k "_selinux" //帮助
fini_selinuxmnt (3) - initialize the global variable selinux_mnt
# mkdir -v /home/{user1,user2} //创建目录
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘/home/user1’: File exists
mkdir: created directory ‘/home/user2’
# mkdir -vp /home/{user1/u1/u11,user2/u2/u22}
mkdir: created directory ‘/home/user1/u1’
mkdir: created directory ‘/home/user1/u1/u11’
mkdir: created directory ‘/home/user2/u2’
mkdir: created directory ‘/home/user2/u2/u22’
# touch file{1..20} //创建更新文件
#touch file{a,b}
# cp -v file2 user2/ //拷贝
‘file2’ -> ‘user2/file2’
# cp -v file2 user2/y2.txt
‘file2’ -> ‘user2/y2.txt’
# cat -A ~/x.txt //查看文件内容
json=aWuMUKifMOWUff/EWDTswXdASQgjxyq0ehmRQu0QCPf6gQVpK8Wael7T18SydNiypNjBGiBEPBoCDxTh$
# cat ~/x.txt
json=aWuMUKifMOWUff/EWDTswXdASQgjxyq0ehmRQu0QCPf6gQVpK8Wael7T18SydNiypNjBGiBEPBoCDxTh
# cat -n ~/x.txt
1 json=aWuMUKifMOWUff/EWDTswXdASQgjxyq0ehmRQu0QCPf6gQVpK8Wael7T18SydNiypNjBGiBEPBoCDxTh
# strings /bin/ls //查看二进制文件
# vim
//vim快捷键
h 左 j 下 k 上 l 右 0 行首 $ 行尾 gg 第一行 G 最后一行 3G 第3行 yy 复制 yG 复制当前行。。。最后一行 x删除光标字符 D删除光标到行尾 r修改一个字符
a 插入光标后 i插入光标前 o插入下行新 A插入行尾
:1,5s/// 1-5行 :5,$s/// 第5行到最后一行 :,8s///从当前行到第8行
# id root //用户权限信息
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root),1001(docker)
# umask //限制新建文件权限的掩码
0022
# uname -m //系统位
x86_64
# cat /etc/issue //查看当前系统
\S
Kernel \r on an \m
# cat /etc/redhat-release //查看系统信息
CentOS Linux release 7.1.1503 (Core)
# df -h //磁盘信息
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 48G 13G 36G 27% /
devtmpfs 912M 0 912M 0% /dev
tmpfs 921M 37M 885M 4% /dev/shm
tmpfs 921M 24M 897M 3% /run
tmpfs 921M 0 921M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 297M 149M 149M 50% /boot
tmpfs 185M 44K 185M 1% /run/user/0
# pwd //当前位置
/home
# ps aux //进程信息
R 运行
S 可中断睡眠 Sleep
D 不可中断睡眠
T 停止的进程
Z 僵尸进程
X 死掉的进程
Ss s进程的领导者，父进程
S< <优先级较高的进程
SN N优先级较低的进程
R+ +表示是前台的进程组
Sl 以线程的方式运行
[root@localhost home]# ps aux | grep sshd
root 881 0.0 0.0 82508 4 ? Ss Sep12 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
# pgrep sshd //以名称查看进程id
881
# pstree //进程数
systemd─┬─ModemManager───2*[{ModemManager}]
├─2*[abrt-watch-log]
├─abrtd
├─accounts-daemon───2*[{accounts-daemon}]
├─alsactl
# du -sh //当前目录磁盘占用
36K .
# du -sh /home
36K /home
# free -m //内存使用
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1840 840 331 50 668 764
Swap: 2047 1645 402
# cat /proc/cmdline //
内核启动参数
BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.11.1.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=5dc59b9c-9bc9-4a9f-a0f5-b1eda1b309eb ro crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8 systemd.debug
# uptime //运行总时间和负载
23:25:48 up 7 days, 19:50, 8 users, load average: 0.05, 0.05, 0.05
# jobs
# bg %1
# fg %1
# kill %1
#ls /home/ /aaaaaaaaa 1>list.txt 2>&1 //重定向到相同的位置
# ls /home/ /aaaaaaaaa &>/dev/null //空设备，即将产生的输出丢掉
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/file1.txt bs=1M count=2 //输入输出文件
# dd </dev/zero >/file2.txt bs=1M count=20
# cat >file2 <<EOF
> 555
> 666
> 777
> EOF
# sort -t":" -k3 -n /etc/passwd //以: 分隔，将第三列按字数升序
# sort -t":" -k3 -n /etc/passwd -r //逆序 -n 按数值
# awk -F: '{print $7}' /etc/passwd | sort |uniq
/bin/bash
/bin/sync
/sbin/halt
/sbin/nologin
/sbin/shutdown
# awk -F: '{print $7}' /etc/passwd | sort |uniq -c // -F: 指定字段分隔符
2 /bin/bash
1 /bin/sync
1 /sbin/halt
39 /sbin/nologin
1 /sbin/shutdown
统计网站的访问情况
思路： 打印所有访问的连接 | 过滤访问网站的连接 | 打印用户的IP | 排序 | 去重
# netstat -an |grep :80 |awk -F":" '{print $8}'|sort |uniq -c
打印根分区已用空间的百分比（仅打印数字）
# df -P|grep '/$' |awk '{print $5}'|awk -F"%" '{print $1}'
# ls /dev/sd* //查看Kernel识别到的设备
/dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3
# fdisk -l //以扇区的方式查看
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00091607
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 616447 307200 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 616448 4810751 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3 4810752 104857599 50023424 83 Linux
# blkid // 列出当前系统中所有已挂载文件系统的类型
/dev/sda1: UUID="56801186-6b94-45ab-a054-566b21b6b201" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda2: UUID="086b85af-69f9-4410-aba7-8664a7f464f8" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda3: UUID="5dc59b9c-9bc9-4a9f-a0f5-b1eda1b309eb" TYPE="xfs"
# watch -n 1 "df -i;df" //
监测磁盘inode和block数目变化情况
# find / -inum 31064284 //查找文件
# find . -perm 644 -ls
135014649 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 temp temp 18 Mar 5 2015 ./temp/.bash_logout
# find /etc -name 'ifcfg*' -ls
134697388 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 254 Sep 16 2015 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
140694461 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 70 Aug 3 05:55 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728
145273495 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 167 Sep 8 18:30 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0
# find /etc -name 'ifcfg*' -exec cp -rvf {} /tmp \;
‘/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo’ -> ‘/tmp/ifcfg-lo’
‘/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728’ -> ‘/tmp/ifcfg-eno16777728’
‘/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0’ -> ‘/tmp/ifcfg-br0’
# find /etc -name 'ifcfg*' -ok cp -rvf {} /tmp \;
< cp ... /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo > ? n
< cp ... /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728 > ? n
< cp ... /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0 > ? n
# find /tmp -name 'ifcfg*' -delete
# find . -name "file*" | xargs rm -rf
# find . -name "y*.txt" | xargs rm -rf
# find /etc -name "ifcfg-*"
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0
# find /etc -name "ifcfg-*" | xargs -I {} cp -rf {} /tmp
[root@localhost user2]# ls /tmp/if*
/tmp/ifcfg-br0 /tmp/ifcfg-eno16777728 /tmp/ifcfg-l
# find /etc -iname "ifcfg-eth0" //-i忽略大小写
# find /etc -size +5M //大于5M
# find /etc -size +5M -ls //-ls找到的处理动作
指定查找的目录深度：
# find / -maxdepth 3 -a -name "ifcfg-eth0"
按时间找(atime,mtime,ctime)：
# find /etc -mtime +5 //修改时间超过5天
按文件属主、属组找：
# find /home -user jack //属主是jack的文件
# find /home -group hr //属组是hr组的文件
# find /home -user jack -group hr
# find /home -user jack -a -group hr
# find /home -user jack -o -group hr
# find /home -nouser
[root@tianyun ~]# find /home -nogroup
[root@tianyun ~]# find /home -nouser -o -nogroup
按文件类型：
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type f //f普通
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type d //d目录
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type l //l链接
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type b //b块设备
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type c //c字符设备
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type s //s套接字
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type p //p管道文件
# rsync -va /etc/ 192.168.5.32:/tmp //将/etc下的所有文件同步到远端
# rsync -va /etc 192.168.5.32:/tmp //将/etc目录同步到远端
# modinfo -n e1000e //
会显示kernel模块的对象文件，以显示该模块的相关信息
/lib/modules/3.10.0-229.11.1.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/e1000e/e1000e.ko
# lspci | grep -i eth // 查当前是否找到网卡设备 // 显示当前主机的所有PCI总线信息，以及所有已连接的PCI设备信息
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)
# dmesg | grep -i eth // 查看网卡是否加载驱动
[ 2.493104] e1000 0000:02:00.0 eth0: (PCI:66MHz:32-bit) 00:0c:29:47:4f:a8
[ 2.493112] e1000 0000:02:00.0 eth0: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection
[ 2.552055] systemd-udevd[205]: renamed network interface eth0 to eno16777728
[ 104.749356] Bluetooth: BNEP (Ethernet Emulation) ver 1.3
# ethtool -i br0 // 查看br0使用的驱动
driver: bridge
version: 2.3
firmware-version: N/A
bus-info: N/A
supports-statistics: no
supports-test: no
supports-eeprom-access: no
supports-register-dump: no
supports-priv-flags: no
# init [0-6] 切换运行级别
# who -r // 查看当前运行级别
run-level 5 2016-08-29 22:50
# runlevel // 查看当前运行级别
N 5
# chkconfig --list // 查看所有进程在各个运行级别的运行状态
Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native
systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native
systemd configuration.
If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
To see services enabled on particular target use
'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.
netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
wine 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
# chkconfig network --list
Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native
systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native
systemd configuration.
If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
To see services enabled on particular target use
'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
# chkconfig sshd off
# chkconfig sshd on 设置sshd进程在各个运行级别默认启动
# chkconfig NetworkManager off
# chkconfig --level 45 sshd on
# ip addr //查看路由、网络设备、策略路由、隧道的网络配置
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eno16777728: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:47:4f:a8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe47:4fa8/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
6: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
link/ether 00:0c:29:47:4f:a8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.199.99/24 brd 192.168.199.255 scope global br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe47:4fa8/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# ip addr show br0
6: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
link/ether 00:0c:29:47:4f:a8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.199.99/24 brd 192.168.199.255 scope global br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe47:4fa8/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# ip route
default via 192.168.199.1 dev br0
169.254.0.0/16 dev br0 scope link metric 1006
192.168.199.0/24 dev br0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.199.99
# cat /etc/resolv.conf //查看域名指向
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 223.6.6.6
nameserver 114.114.114.114
search localdomain
# hostname //主机名
localhost.localdomain
公有地址：
IP分类 缺省掩码
A 1－127 /8
B 128－191 /16
C 192－223 /24
D 224－239 组播地址
E 240－247 保留地址
# setenforce 0 // 关闭selinux(linux安全加强工具)
# vim /etc/sysconfig/selinux
# vim /etc/sysconfig/selinux
SELINUX=disabled
//网卡配置
DEVICE=eth0 设备名
BOOTPROTO=static 静态: static, none 动态：dhcp, dynamic
BROADCAST=192.168.2.255 广播地址
HWADDR=00:E0:4C:41:95:DB MAC
NM_CONTROLLED=yes 是否接受NetworkManager管理
IPADDR=192.168.2.253 IP
PREFIX=24 子网掩码NETMASK=255.255.255.0
IPV6INIT=no
IPV6_AUTOCONF=no
NETWORK=192.168.2.0 网络地址
TYPE=Ethernet
ONBOOT=yes 是否启用该接口
GATEWAY=192.168.2.254 默认网关
DNS1=202.106.0.20 DNS服务器
DNS2=8.8.8.8 DNS服务器备
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.2.252/24 up //修改eth0的IP
# ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.2.253/24 up //给eth0增加IP
# ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.2.251/24 up //给eth0增加IP
# ip addr add dev eth0 192.168.2.252/24 //增加新的临时IP
# ip addr add 192.168.3.252/24 dev eth0
# ip addr show eth0
# route add default gw 192.168.2.254 //添加路由
# route -n
# route del default gw 192.168.2.254
# ip route add default via 192.168.2.254 dev eth0 默认网关
# ip route add 192.168.5.0/24 via 192.168.2.253 dev eth0 网关
# ip route 查看kernel路由表
192.168.5.0/24 via 192.168.2.253 dev eth0 静态路由
192.168.2.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.251 直连路由
192.168.122.0/24 dev virbr0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.1 直连路由
169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0 scope link 直连路由
default via 192.168.2.254 dev eth0 默认路由，缺省路由
# ip route del default via 192.168.2.254 dev eth0
# ip route del
# arp -n
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
192.168.199.1 ether 58:6a:b1:0f:48:1c C br0
192.168.199.91 ether f0:76:1c:ac:ae:45 C br0
[root@localhost user2]# arp -d 192.168.199.91 // 从arp缓冲区中删除指定主机的arp条目
[root@localhost user2]# arp -n
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
192.168.199.1 ether 58:6a:b1:0f:48:1c C br0
192.168.199.91 (incomplete)
//复制文件并对原文件的内容进行转换和格式化处理
# cat >file2 <<EOF
> 555
> 666
> 777
> EOF
# sort -t":" -k3 -n /etc/passwd //以: 分隔，将第三列按字数升序
# sort -t":" -k3 -n /etc/passwd -r //逆序 -n 按数值
# awk -F: '{print $7}' /etc/passwd | sort |uniq
/bin/bash
/bin/sync
/sbin/halt
/sbin/nologin
/sbin/shutdown
# awk -F: '{print $7}' /etc/passwd | sort |uniq -c // -F: 指定字段分隔符
2 /bin/bash
1 /bin/sync
1 /sbin/halt
39 /sbin/nologin
1 /sbin/shutdown
统计网站的访问情况
思路： 打印所有访问的连接 | 过滤访问网站的连接 | 打印用户的IP | 排序 | 去重
# netstat -an |grep :80 |awk -F":" '{print $8}'|sort |uniq -c
打印根分区已用空间的百分比（仅打印数字）
# df -P|grep '/$' |awk '{print $5}'|awk -F"%" '{print $1}'
# ls /dev/sd* //查看Kernel识别到的设备
/dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3
# fdisk -l //以扇区的方式查看
Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00091607
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 616447 307200 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 616448 4810751 2097152 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3 4810752 104857599 50023424 83 Linux
# blkid // 列出当前系统中所有已挂载文件系统的类型
/dev/sda1: UUID="56801186-6b94-45ab-a054-566b21b6b201" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/sda2: UUID="086b85af-69f9-4410-aba7-8664a7f464f8" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sda3: UUID="5dc59b9c-9bc9-4a9f-a0f5-b1eda1b309eb" TYPE="xfs"
# watch -n 1 "df -i;df" //
监测磁盘inode和block数目变化情况
# find / -inum 31064284 //查找文件
# find . -perm 644 -ls
135014649 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 temp temp 18 Mar 5 2015 ./temp/.bash_logout
# find /etc -name 'ifcfg*' -ls
134697388 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 254 Sep 16 2015 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
140694461 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 70 Aug 3 05:55 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728
145273495 4 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 167 Sep 8 18:30 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0
# find /etc -name 'ifcfg*' -exec cp -rvf {} /tmp \;
‘/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo’ -> ‘/tmp/ifcfg-lo’
‘/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728’ -> ‘/tmp/ifcfg-eno16777728’
‘/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0’ -> ‘/tmp/ifcfg-br0’
# find /etc -name 'ifcfg*' -ok cp -rvf {} /tmp \;
< cp ... /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo > ? n
< cp ... /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728 > ? n
< cp ... /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0 > ? n
# find /tmp -name 'ifcfg*' -delete
# find . -name "file*" | xargs rm -rf
# find . -name "y*.txt" | xargs rm -rf
# find /etc -name "ifcfg-*"
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eno16777728
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0
# find /etc -name "ifcfg-*" | xargs -I {} cp -rf {} /tmp
[root@localhost user2]# ls /tmp/if*
/tmp/ifcfg-br0 /tmp/ifcfg-eno16777728 /tmp/ifcfg-l
# find /etc -iname "ifcfg-eth0" //-i忽略大小写
# find /etc -size +5M //大于5M
# find /etc -size +5M -ls //-ls找到的处理动作
指定查找的目录深度：
# find / -maxdepth 3 -a -name "ifcfg-eth0"
按时间找(atime,mtime,ctime)：
# find /etc -mtime +5 //修改时间超过5天
按文件属主、属组找：
# find /home -user jack //属主是jack的文件
# find /home -group hr //属组是hr组的文件
# find /home -user jack -group hr
# find /home -user jack -a -group hr
# find /home -user jack -o -group hr
# find /home -nouser
[root@tianyun ~]# find /home -nogroup
[root@tianyun ~]# find /home -nouser -o -nogroup
按文件类型：
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type f //f普通
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type d //d目录
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type l //l链接
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type b //b块设备
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type c //c字符设备
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type s //s套接字
[root@tianyun ~]# find /dev -type p //p管道文件
# rsync -va /etc/ 192.168.5.32:/tmp //将/etc下的所有文件同步到远端
# rsync -va /etc 192.168.5.32:/tmp //将/etc目录同步到远端
# modinfo -n e1000e //
会显示kernel模块的对象文件，以显示该模块的相关信息
/lib/modules/3.10.0-229.11.1.el7.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/e1000e/e1000e.ko
# lspci | grep -i eth // 查当前是否找到网卡设备 // 显示当前主机的所有PCI总线信息，以及所有已连接的PCI设备信息
02:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) (rev 01)
# dmesg | grep -i eth // 查看网卡是否加载驱动
[ 2.493104] e1000 0000:02:00.0 eth0: (PCI:66MHz:32-bit) 00:0c:29:47:4f:a8
[ 2.493112] e1000 0000:02:00.0 eth0: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection
[ 2.552055] systemd-udevd[205]: renamed network interface eth0 to eno16777728
[ 104.749356] Bluetooth: BNEP (Ethernet Emulation) ver 1.3
# ethtool -i br0 // 查看br0使用的驱动
driver: bridge
version: 2.3
firmware-version: N/A
bus-info: N/A
supports-statistics: no
supports-test: no
supports-eeprom-access: no
supports-register-dump: no
supports-priv-flags: no
# init [0-6] 切换运行级别
# who -r // 查看当前运行级别
run-level 5 2016-08-29 22:50
# runlevel // 查看当前运行级别
N 5
# chkconfig --list // 查看所有进程在各个运行级别的运行状态
Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native
systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native
systemd configuration.
If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
To see services enabled on particular target use
'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.
netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
wine 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
# chkconfig network --list
Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native
systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native
systemd configuration.
If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
To see services enabled on particular target use
'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
# chkconfig sshd off
# chkconfig sshd on 设置sshd进程在各个运行级别默认启动
# chkconfig NetworkManager off
# chkconfig --level 45 sshd on
# ip addr //查看路由、网络设备、策略路由、隧道的网络配置
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eno16777728: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:47:4f:a8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe47:4fa8/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
6: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
link/ether 00:0c:29:47:4f:a8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.199.99/24 brd 192.168.199.255 scope global br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe47:4fa8/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# ip addr show br0
6: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
link/ether 00:0c:29:47:4f:a8 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.199.99/24 brd 192.168.199.255 scope global br0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe47:4fa8/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# ip route
default via 192.168.199.1 dev br0
169.254.0.0/16 dev br0 scope link metric 1006
192.168.199.0/24 dev br0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.199.99
# cat /etc/resolv.conf //查看域名指向
# Generated by NetworkManager
nameserver 223.6.6.6
nameserver 114.114.114.114
search localdomain
# hostname //主机名
localhost.localdomain
公有地址：
IP分类 缺省掩码
A 1－127 /8
B 128－191 /16
C 192－223 /24
D 224－239 组播地址
E 240－247 保留地址
# setenforce 0 // 关闭selinux(linux安全加强工具)
# vim /etc/sysconfig/selinux
# vim /etc/sysconfig/selinux
SELINUX=disabled
//网卡配置
DEVICE=eth0 设备名
BOOTPROTO=static 静态: static, none 动态：dhcp, dynamic
BROADCAST=192.168.2.255 广播地址
HWADDR=00:E0:4C:41:95:DB MAC
NM_CONTROLLED=yes 是否接受NetworkManager管理
IPADDR=192.168.2.253 IP
PREFIX=24 子网掩码NETMASK=255.255.255.0
IPV6INIT=no
IPV6_AUTOCONF=no
NETWORK=192.168.2.0 网络地址
TYPE=Ethernet
ONBOOT=yes 是否启用该接口
GATEWAY=192.168.2.254 默认网关
DNS1=202.106.0.20 DNS服务器
DNS2=8.8.8.8 DNS服务器备
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.2.252/24 up //修改eth0的IP
# ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.2.253/24 up //给eth0增加IP
# ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.2.251/24 up //给eth0增加IP
# ip addr add dev eth0 192.168.2.252/24 //增加新的临时IP
# ip addr add 192.168.3.252/24 dev eth0
# ip addr show eth0
# route add default gw 192.168.2.254 //添加路由
# route -n
# route del default gw 192.168.2.254
# ip route add default via 192.168.2.254 dev eth0 默认网关
# ip route add 192.168.5.0/24 via 192.168.2.253 dev eth0 网关
# ip route 查看kernel路由表
192.168.5.0/24 via 192.168.2.253 dev eth0 静态路由
192.168.2.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.251 直连路由
192.168.122.0/24 dev virbr0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.1 直连路由
169.254.0.0/16 dev eth0 scope link 直连路由
default via 192.168.2.254 dev eth0 默认路由，缺省路由
# ip route del default via 192.168.2.254 dev eth0
# ip route del
# arp -n
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
192.168.199.1 ether 58:6a:b1:0f:48:1c C br0
192.168.199.91 ether f0:76:1c:ac:ae:45 C br0
[root@localhost user2]# arp -d 192.168.199.91 // 从arp缓冲区中删除指定主机的arp条目
[root@localhost user2]# arp -n
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
192.168.199.1 ether 58:6a:b1:0f:48:1c C br0
192.168.199.91 (incomplete)
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